# data_products

atlas_id: 574a3704-81ee-4b3d-9df6-7832ce7566e9
slug: aster-ged
status: live
name: ASTER Global Emissivity Dataset (AG100 V003)
aliases: ["AG100","ASTER GED","ASTER Global Emissivity Database"]
level: L3
distributor: usgs
spectral_range_nm: {"min":8125,"max":11650}
gsd_m: {"native":100}
file_format: HDF5
access_endpoint: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
access_model: open
licence: NASA EOSDIS open data (no restrictions on use or redistribution)
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-ag100-003
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Lithological discrimination of silicate rock assemblages using TIR emissivity contrasts across the 8-12 um reststrahlen region (quartz, feldspar, ultramafic)","Mineral exploration target generation independent of SWIR detector availability (TIR bands remained operational throughout the ASTER mission)","Regional geological mapping combining ASTER TIR emissivity with VNIR structural context and SWIR alteration signatures","Land surface temperature and emissivity input to evapotranspiration models (FAO SEBS, METRIC, SSEBop) at outcrop-to-watershed scale","Urban heat island characterisation and impervious surface emissivity mapping","Climate model land surface boundary condition validation (monthly composites via AG5KMMOH V041 companion product)"]

practical_limitations:
["Input archive spans 2000-2008 only; the product is a static climatological composite with no time-series dimension. Recent land cover or geological disturbance is not captured.","Spectral resolution is five discrete TIR bands, not a continuous TIR spectrum; mineral discrimination relies on band-ratio and spectral angle methods rather than full spectral library matching.","100 m spatial resolution resolves coarse lithological units; sub-outcrop-scale features below approximately 100-200 m are mixed-pixel responses.","NASA Earthdata account registration required for all access","HDF5 format requires pre-processing to extract per-band emissivity layers; no pre-packaged COG or STAC delivery as of 2026-05-19","Atmospheric correction uses MODIS MOD07_L2 profiles; accuracy is reduced in high-humidity tropical regions where atmospheric water vapour retrieval is less constrained."]

known_artefacts:
["AG5KMMOH monthly companion product: some months are missing due to outages in the MOD10CM snow-cover input dataset used in the WVS atmospheric correction. Version v041 is the current active version; v004 was decommissioned December 14, 2016.","Emissivity values in arid bare-soil regions are subject to higher uncertainty where surface mineralogy is highly variable and the multi-temporal composite contains few cloud-free acquisitions.","Desert quartz sand regions (Sahara, Arabian Peninsula) show very low emissivity in Band 12 (9.1 um); care required to distinguish geological quartz-arenite rock from aeolian sand when interpreting Band 12 minima."]

sources:
[{"id":"ag100-earthdata","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-ag100-003","title":"ASTER Global Emissivity Dataset, 100 meter, HDF5 V003, NASA Earthdata / LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"ag100-cmr","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/collections.json?short_name=AG100&version=003&provider=LPCLOUD","title":"AG100 V003 collection metadata, NASA CMR","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"ag5kmmoh-cmr","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/collections.json?short_name=AG5KMMOH","title":"AG5KMMOH collection metadata (all versions), NASA CMR","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hulley-hook-2015","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.2357585","title":"Hulley et al. 2015, ASTER GED methodology, IEEE Trans Geoscience Remote Sensing","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: bdf24929-cb6b-4ca4-97b0-45aeb9bb2cac
slug: aster-l2-surface-reflectance
status: live
name: ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance (AST_07XT)
aliases: ["AST_07XT","ASTER SWIR Surface Reflectance","ASTER L2 SR"]
level: L2
distributor: usgs
spectral_range_nm: {"min":520,"max":2430}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
access_model: open
licence: NASA EOSDIS open data (no restrictions on use or redistribution)
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-ast-07xt-004
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Lithological mapping using SWIR alteration-mineral absorption features (pre-2008 archive)","Hydrothermal alteration mapping for porphyry copper and epithermal gold exploration","Clay mineral, carbonate, sulphate, and phyllosilicate discrimination using SWIR bands 4-9","Regional geologic mapping combining VNIR structural context with SWIR alteration signatures","Baseline global mineral alteration inventory (most-cited spaceborne SWIR mineral-mapping dataset)","Ongoing VNIR structural and vegetation-contrast mapping (Bands 1-3N operational)","Combined VNIR and TIR emissivity analysis for silicate rock-type discrimination"]

practical_limitations:
["SWIR bands 4-9 (1.60-2.43 um) have produced no usable data since approximately April 2008 when anomalous saturation and striping began; detector fully failed January 12, 2009. All SWIR mineral-mapping work draws on the 2000-2008 archive only.","On-demand processing model: scenes must be individually ordered through NASA Earthdata Search; no bulk download of pre-processed tiles.","NASA Earthdata account registration required for all access","60 km swath width gives lower revisit density than wide-swath sensors; global coverage is available but individual target revisits may be limited in the archive","GSD varies by subsystem: VNIR at 15 m, SWIR at 30 m, TIR (separate product) at 90 m. Multi-subsystem analysis requires resampling.","Crosstalk scattering in SWIR data is corrected by the XT product (AST_07XT); do not use uncorrected AST_07 for quantitative mineral mapping."]

known_artefacts:
["SWIR data acquired April 2008 to January 11, 2009 exhibit anomalous saturation and striping; treat as unusable for quantitative reflectance analysis","V003 (HDF-EOS2 format) was decommissioned December 15, 2025; V004 (COG format, MERRA-2 atmospheric model) is the current and only active version","Band 3B (backward-looking, 0.78-0.86 um) enables along-track stereo DEM generation but is not a surface-reflectance band; it is a radiance product used for terrain correction"]

sources:
[{"id":"earthdata-ast07xt-v4","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-ast-07xt-004","title":"ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance AST_07XT V004, NASA Earthdata / LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"earthdata-ast07xt-v3","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-ast-07xt-003","title":"ASTER L2 Surface Reflectance AST_07XT V003 (deprecated), NASA Earthdata / LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"earthdata-aster-instrument","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/instruments/aster","title":"ASTER instrument overview, NASA Earthdata","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 1da5d2cc-156f-4178-9733-c6e2b05abfa1
slug: biomass-l2-disturbance
status: live
name: BIOMASS L2 Forest Disturbance
aliases: ["BIOMASS FD","BIOMASS L2 FD","FP_FD__L2A","FP_FD__L2B"]
level: L2
distributor: esa
gsd_m: {"native":50}
access_endpoint: https://explorer.maap.eo.esa.int
access_model: restricted
licence: ESA Earth Observation Terms and Conditions
primary_data_portal_url: https://explorer.maap.eo.esa.int
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Deforestation detection at sub-hectare resolution in dense tropical canopy where C-band SAR saturates","Forest disturbance monitoring in persistently cloud-covered equatorial regions beyond optical sensor reach","Structural forest loss quantification for REDD+ and carbon-credit verification workflows","Change frequency mapping across the tropical-boreal belt at global scale"]

practical_limitations:
["North America and Europe excluded from P-band acquisition due to US Space Object Tracking Radar coordination","Approximately 5-month global revisit insufficient for near-real-time alert applications","L2A FD product scheduled for open release April 2027; L2B FD scheduled December 2027; as of 2026-05-18 access is restricted to the BIOMASS commissioning team","Product file format not confirmed from a tier 1 source (format specification document was inaccessible during research)"]

known_artefacts:
["Two distinct sub-products: FP_FD__L2A (stack-based per cycle) and FP_FD__L2B (tile-based global composite); not to be merged without explicit handling of overlap regions","Interferometric processing requires consistent baseline geometry; orbit anomalies may degrade per-cycle detection performance"]

sources:
[{"id":"esa-l2a-catalog","url":"https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/biomass-level-2a","title":"BIOMASS Level-2A catalog, ESA EO Gateway","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"esa-l2b-catalog","url":"https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/catalog/biomass-level-2b","title":"BIOMASS Level-2B catalog, ESA EO Gateway","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"esa-release-schedule","url":"https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/news/biomass-level-2-product-release-schedule","title":"BIOMASS Level-2 product release schedule, ESA EO Gateway","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"esa-facts-biomass","url":"https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/BIOMASS/Facts_and_figures","title":"BIOMASS Facts and Figures, ESA","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: d4313df1-e21d-4ecb-97b5-cca541a3ae79
slug: desis-l2a-sr
status: live
name: DESIS Level-2A Surface Reflectance
aliases: ["DESIS L2A","DESIS L2A Surface Reflectance"]
level: L2
distributor: dlr
spectral_range_nm: {"min":402,"max":1000}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://download.geoservice.dlr.de
access_model: restricted
licence: DLR DESIS data licence (free for scientific use, registration required)
primary_data_portal_url: https://geoservice.dlr.de/web/maps/eoc:desis
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["VNIR hyperspectral surface reflectance for vegetation and iron-oxide mineral indices","Fixed archive (November 2018 to December 2023) for cross-sensor calibration validation","Per-pixel ferric iron and chlorophyll mapping","Land cover and broad lithological context within 52 S to 55 N latitude band"]

practical_limitations:
["VNIR-only coverage (402 to 1000 nm); excludes the SWIR band (1300 to 2500 nm) where the diagnostic absorption features of clay, carbonate, sulphate, and phyllosilicate alteration minerals sit","Archive is closed; the instrument was retired on 31 December 2023 and no new acquisitions will be added","ISS-orbit non-sun-synchronous acquisition; illumination geometry varies across scenes and must be normalised","Coverage limited to approximately 52 S to 55 N due to ISS inclination of 51.6 degrees","Access restricted to scientific use following DLR registration; not freely redistributable"]

known_artefacts:
["L2A surface reflectance products from before commissioning closeout (October 2018) may carry interim calibration coefficients; re-processed coefficients applied to nominal-ops archive from late 2018 onward"]

sources:
[{"id":"dlr-instrument","url":"https://www.dlr.de/en/eoc/research-transfer/projects-missions/desis/instrument","title":"DESIS Instrument, DLR EOC","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"alonso2019","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204471","title":"Data Products, Quality and Validation of the DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS), Sensors 2019","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eoportal-iss-muses","url":"https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-muses","title":"ISS MUSES, eoPortal Directory","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 675f99b2-9569-4d64-9f6c-deed2496637d
slug: deter
status: live
name: DETER (Deteccao de Desmatamento em Tempo Real)
aliases: ["DETER","DETER-B","Deteccao de Desmatamento em Tempo Real"]
level: L3
distributor: inpe
access_endpoint: https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/
access_model: open
primary_data_portal_url: https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time deforestation alert triggering IBAMA enforcement in the Amazon and Cerrado","Monitoring deforestation hotspots before annual PRODES confirmation cycle","Brazil REDD+ safeguards and EUDR supply-chain alert monitoring","Complementary rapid-detection layer alongside PRODES annual benchmark"]

practical_limitations:
["Alert product only, not authoritative area estimates (use PRODES for confirmed annual figures)","CBERS-4 sensor chain confirmed; specific camera (WFI vs MUX) and exact spatial resolution unverified at tier 1","Minimum mapping unit (about 1 hectare) widely cited but not confirmed from tier 1 INPE methodology in this research pass","Pantanal and Amazon non-forest coverage (from November 2023) is experimental and subject to adjustment","Temporal cadence (alert batch frequency) sensor-revisit constrained; specific cadence not confirmed at tier 1"]

known_artefacts:
["DETER-A and DETER-B used different sensor chains (MODIS + CBERS-2B WFI versus CBERS-4); some legacy literature mislabels CBERS-2B's WFI as \"AWiFS\", which is actually an Indian IRS-P6 instrument family, not a CBERS sensor"]

sources:
[{"id":"inpe-cbers-faq","url":"https://www.gov.br/inpe/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/perguntas-frequentes/cbers","title":"INPE FAQ on CBERS, gov.br","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"terrabrasilis-about","url":"https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/about/","title":"TerraBrasilis About page, INPE","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"terrabrasilis-downloads","url":"https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/","title":"TerraBrasilis Downloads, INPE","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 20ace557-8fda-4a2e-8fbb-debe926ea048
slug: dist-alert
status: live
name: OPERA DIST-ALERT-HLS (Version 1)
aliases: ["DIST-ALERT","OPERA DIST-ALERT","OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS_V1"]
level: L3
distributor: nasa-jpl
gsd_m: {"native":30}
access_endpoint: https://doi.org/10.5067/SNWG/OPERA_L3_DIST-ALERT-HLS_V1.001
access_model: open
licence: NASA Earthdata Use Policy
primary_data_portal_url: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/granules?p=C2746980408-LPCLOUD
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time global vegetation disturbance alerting (all biomes, not forest-only)","Deforestation early warning beyond tropical forest (savannas, shrublands, wetlands)","Supply chain commodity risk screening across all vegetation-linked land cover","Government forest law enforcement and regulatory compliance monitoring","EUDR due diligence baseline for non-forest vegetation-linked commodities"]

practical_limitations:
["Detection latency extended by cloud cover in humid tropics (optical-only HLS input)","30 m resolution; sub-pixel disturbances (selective logging below 30 m patch scale) may be missed","ATBD PDF unreadable in this research pass; confidence-tier thresholds unverified at tier 1","Peer-reviewed validation paper (Nature Communications 2025) inaccessible due to paywall"]

known_artefacts:
["Cloud and shadow masking artefacts inherited from HLS input","19-layer output structure uniform across MGRS tiles; layer-specific interpretation requires the product specification document"]

sources:
[{"id":"cmr-record","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C2746980408-LPCLOUD.umm_json","title":"OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Alert from HLS, NASA CMR UMM-JSON record (C2746980408-LPCLOUD)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hls-page","url":"https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov","title":"Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project page, NASA GSFC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gfw-blog-listing","url":"https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/","title":"Global Forest Watch blog listing, WRI (DIST-ALERT integration coverage)","tier":"operator-press","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"dist-alert-pub","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64014-9","title":"Rapid Monitoring of Global Land Change, Nature Communications, title from CMR metadata","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 7583f654-f725-4ab8-9c3d-6104abc8e193
slug: emit-l2b-mineralogy
status: live
name: EMIT L2B Estimated Mineral Identification and Band Depth and Uncertainty
aliases: ["EMITL2BMIN","EMIT L2B Surface Mineralogy","EMIT L2B Mineral Identification"]
level: L2
distributor: nasa
spectral_range_nm: {"min":380,"max":2500}
gsd_m: {"native":60}
file_format: NetCDF-4
access_endpoint: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
access_model: open
licence: NASA EOSDIS open data (no restrictions on use or redistribution)
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-emitl2bmin-001
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Regional-scale surface mineral mapping in arid and semi-arid dust source regions without requiring field calibration","Mineral exploration reconnaissance: per-pixel identification of clay, carbonate, sulphate, and iron-oxide alteration assemblages at 60 m GSD across continental swaths","Dust radiative forcing research: constraining mineral aerosol optical properties by mapping source-region iron-oxide vs aluminium-silicate abundance at global scale","Input to mineral aerosol parameterisation in Earth system models (upstream of the EMIT L3 global gridded mineralogy product)","Cross-sensor mineral validation: verifying mineralogy outputs from airborne or higher-resolution systems using EMIT L2B as an open-access reference layer","Geological baseline mapping in terrain with limited cloud cover where 60 m resolution is sufficient for lithological unit delineation"]

practical_limitations:
["Non-orthocorrected product: data are delivered in spatially raw format without terrain geometric correction; users must apply orthorectification before GIS integration or cross-sensor comparison","60 m GSD produces mixed-pixel responses in heterogeneous outcrops; sub-pixel mineral mixing limits quantitative abundance accuracy at deposit scale; field validation required for resource-grade mineral mapping","Coverage restricted to approximately 52 S to 52 N latitude by the ISS 51.6-degree inclination; polar and sub-polar regions are not accessible","ISS non-sun-synchronous orbit produces variable solar illumination geometry across acquisitions; radiometric comparison between scenes acquired at different local times requires care","Significant data gap from 13 September 2022 to 6 January 2023 due to ISS external power issues; archive coverage is discontinuous for the first year of operations","Ten validated mineral classes only; additional minerals present in scenes but not identified with full validation; separation of spectrally similar pairs (e.g. goethite and hematite) is an area of active research per LP DAAC","NASA Earthdata account registration required for download"]

known_artefacts:
["Two independent spectral fitting groups are run per pixel (one targeting the SWIR clay-carbonate-sulphate absorption range approximately 2100-2400 nm, one targeting the VNIR iron-oxide range approximately 700-1000 nm); each group returns its own mineral ID, band depth, and fit score independently. A single pixel may show confident identification in one group and low confidence in the other; users must inspect both group outputs and associated r-squared fit scores before interpreting a combined mineral assignment.","Band depths are estimated, not orthocorrected spectral measurements; the product title includes 'Estimated' to reflect that Tetracorder spectral fitting produces model-derived band depth values subject to the quality of the input L2A reflectance and the representativeness of the USGS spectral library reference spectra","illite+muscovite is reported as a combined class because the two minerals have overlapping diagnostic absorption features near 2200 nm and cannot be reliably separated at 7.4 nm spectral sampling; downstream users treating illite and muscovite as independent end-members should note this conflation"]

sources:
[{"id":"emitl2bmin-earthdata","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-emitl2bmin-001","title":"EMIT L2B Estimated Mineral Identification and Band Depth and Uncertainty 60 m V001, NASA Earthdata / LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emitl2bmin-cmr","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/collections.json?short_name=EMITL2BMIN&version=001&provider=LPCLOUD","title":"EMITL2BMIN V001 collection metadata, NASA CMR","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emitl2b-atbd","url":"https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1659/EMITL2B_ATBD_v1.pdf","title":"EMIT L2B Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document v1, LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emitl2b-userguide","url":"https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1660/EMITL2BMIN_User_Guide_V1.pdf","title":"EMITL2BMIN V001 User Guide V1, LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"jpl-emit-data","url":"https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/data/data-products/","title":"EMIT Data Products overview, NASA JPL","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"green-2020","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO47225.2020.9172731","title":"Green et al. 2020, The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission, IEEE Aerospace","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: a13c3c54-77a8-4d83-ad3c-75d8745b7d1b
slug: emit-l3-mineralogy
status: live
name: EMIT L3 Aggregated Mineral Spectral Abundance and Uncertainty
aliases: ["EMITL3ASA","EMIT L3 ASA","EMIT Aggregated Mineralogy","EMIT L3"]
level: L3
distributor: nasa
spectral_range_nm: {"min":381,"max":2493}
gsd_m: {"native":60}
file_format: netCDF-4
access_endpoint: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
access_model: open
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-emitl3asa-002
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
licence:
NASA EOSDIS open data (no restrictions on use or redistribution; NASA Earthdata account required for download)

use_cases:
["Global mineral dust source characterisation, deriving the surface mineral composition of arid regions (Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Gobi, Atacama, Australian outback) to constrain atmospheric mineral dust radiative forcing in Earth system models","Earth system model boundary condition input, supplying gridded fractional abundances of iron-bearing minerals (goethite, hematite) and carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite) that drive dust optical property parameterisations in GCMs","Cross-reference mineralogy anchor for exploration datasets, validating regional-scale mineral abundance maps produced from airborne or spaceborne hyperspectral surveys against a global open-access baseline","Climate-minerals community cross-reference, identifying which arid regions have anomalously high concentrations of specific minerals (gypsum, kaolinite, illite+muscovite) relevant to both dust radiative forcing and mineral exploration landscape context","Baseline iron oxide distribution mapping; the goethite and hematite layers provide a global open reference for surface iron oxide abundance in dust source regions"]

practical_limitations:
["Static dataset covering the EMIT ISS coverage window (2022-08-10 to 2024-01-20); not an operational rolling product. V002 is the current and final version as of 2025-08-27; no updates beyond the January 2024 temporal bound have been announced.","0.5-degree grid resolution (approximately 55 km at the equator) is not suitable for deposit-scale or outcrop-scale mineral mapping; use EMIT L2B Surface Mineralogy (60 m per-pixel) or airborne hyperspectral data for local-scale work.","Spectral abundance is an optical (reflectance-derived) fractional measure, not a mass fraction. Conversion to mass fraction requires grain-size data that are not included in the product; users requiring mass-based abundances must apply independent grain-size models.","Geographic coverage constrained to 52 N to 52 S latitude by ISS inclination (51.6 degrees); polar regions and sub-polar latitudes above approximately 52 degrees are not represented.","Coverage prioritised arid dust-source regions; vegetated and densely clouded areas may have sparse 0.5-degree cells. Bare soil mask applied during aggregation excludes non-mineral surfaces.","NASA Earthdata account registration required for download via Earthdata Search; free but requires registration.","NetCDF-4 format requires CF-convention-aware readers (xarray, netCDF4-python, GDAL); no pre-packaged COG or STAC delivery."]

known_artefacts:
["V002 grain-size transcription error: a minor error in the grain-size median used in the uncertainty model causes deviations typically well below 1%, with calcite reaching a maximum of approximately 2% in select pixels. Iron oxides are virtually unaffected. Deviations are within the stated uncertainty bounds.","Spectral unmixing may produce spuriously elevated spectral abundance values over bare salt playas and some highly reflective surfaces; some such areas are excluded via the bare soil mask but residual artefacts are possible.","V001 (22 SDS layers, DOI 10.5067/EMIT/EMITL3ASA.001, temporal through 2023-07-30) is superseded by V002 (30 SDS layers, extended temporal through 2024-01-20, grain-size percentile uncertainty split into 2.5th and 97.5th confidence interval layers). Users should use V002."]

sources:
[{"id":"emit-l3-cmr-v002","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C3147269019-LPCLOUD.json","title":"EMIT L3 Aggregated Mineral Spectral Abundance and Uncertainty 0.5 Deg V002, NASA CMR concept record","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emit-l3-cmr-v001","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C2408752948-LPCLOUD.json","title":"EMIT L3 Aggregated Mineral Spectral Abundance and Uncertainty 0.5 Deg V001, NASA CMR concept record","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emit-jpl-products","url":"https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/data/data-products/","title":"EMIT Data Products, NASA JPL EMIT mission portal","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emit-l3-atbd","url":"https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/2259/EMIT_L3_ATBD_V3.pdf","title":"EMIT Level 3 Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document V3, LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emit-l3-userguide-v2","url":"https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/2262/EMITL3ASA_User_Guide_V2.pdf","title":"EMITL3ASA User Guide V2, LP DAAC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"green-2020","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO47225.2020.9172731","title":"The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission, Green et al. 2020, IEEE Aerospace Conference","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: c460fe0e-7947-4096-aa59-c2ebe0b61ab4
slug: enmap-l2a-sr
status: live
name: EnMAP L2A Surface Reflectance
aliases: ["EnMAP HSI L2A","EnMAP L2A SR","ENMAP.HSI.L2A"]
level: L2A
distributor: dlr
spectral_range_nm: {"min":420,"max":2450}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://eoweb.dlr.de
access_model: open
licence: EnMAP Data License v1.1 (free for registered users; registration at planning.enmap.org)
primary_data_portal_url: https://eoweb.dlr.de
stac_endpoint_url: https://geoservice.dlr.de/eoc/ogc/stac/v1/collections/ENMAP_HSI_L2A
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Full VNIR-SWIR surface reflectance input for mineral detection and abundance mapping (clay minerals, carbonates, sulphates, phyllosilicates)","Regional-scale mineral alteration zone mapping in exploration campaigns","Spectral unmixing of mixed mineral assemblages under complex vegetation cover","Lithium and rare earth element prospecting via diagnostic SWIR absorption features","Digital soil mapping: organic matter, iron content, clay mineralogy, particle size","Vegetation stress detection linked to underlying mineral-induced soil chemistry","Inland and coastal water quality analysis (combined land+water L2A mode)"]

practical_limitations:
["30 km swath requires multi-pass acquisitions for regional coverage; 27-day nadir repeat limits opportunistic revisit without off-nadir tasking","Delivery within 6 days of downlink; not suitable for near-real-time applications","Registration required at planning.enmap.org before data can be ordered or downloaded","Atmospheric correction (ATCOR-based) may degrade in scenes with heavy aerosol loading, dense cirrus, or complex topography; terrain correction applied but residual artefacts possible in steep terrain","SWIR bands in strong water vapour absorption windows (approximately 1350-1400 nm and 1800-1950 nm) carry near-zero signal and are masked in the standard L2A delivery; some sources report 224 usable bands rather than the 228 instrument bands","30 m GSD insufficient for sub-pixel mineral mapping at deposit scale; field-spectrometry validation required for quantitative abundance products"]

known_artefacts:
["DLR STAC collection description reports 224 bands while the instrument specification is 228. The discrepancy reflects masking of water vapour absorption bands in the standard product; users should verify band count from product metadata rather than assuming 228 are all usable.","VNIR and SWIR channels are acquired with an approximately 600 m along-track offset and co-registered to 0.1 pixel accuracy in L1C processing; residual spectral-spatial co-registration artefacts are possible at high-contrast edges","Two L2A processing modes exist: land mode (surface reflectance for land pixels) and combined mode (land plus underwater reflectance for aquatic pixels); mode is selected at ordering time and affects which pixels carry valid surface reflectance values"]

sources:
[{"id":"enmap-data-access","url":"https://www.enmap.org/data_access/","title":"EnMAP Data Access, enmap.org","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"enmap-mission-page","url":"https://www.enmap.org/mission/","title":"EnMAP Mission Overview, enmap.org","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"enmap-l2a-atbd","url":"https://www.enmap.org/data/doc/EN-PCV-TN-6007_Level_2A_Processor_Atmospheric_Correction_Land.pdf","title":"EnMAP Level 2A Processor Atmospheric Correction Land ATBD, DLR (EN-PCV-TN-6007)","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"dlr-geoservice-enmap","url":"https://geoservice.dlr.de/web/datasets/enmap","title":"EnMAP HSI L2A dataset, DLR EOC Geoservice","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"dlr-stac-enmap-l2a","url":"https://geoservice.dlr.de/eoc/ogc/stac/v1/collections/ENMAP_HSI_L2A","title":"ENMAP_HSI_L2A STAC Collection, DLR EOC Geoservice","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eoportal-enmap","url":"https://eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/e/enmap","title":"EnMAP, eoPortal Directory","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"enmap-geology","url":"https://www.enmap.org/science/applications/geology_soils/","title":"EnMAP Geology and Soils applications, enmap.org","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 6b55faf5-7cbe-49b0-b593-3f6ccef95973
slug: glad-l-alerts
status: live
name: GLAD-L (Landsat-based Deforestation Alerts)
aliases: ["GLAD-L","GLAD Forest Alerts"]
level: L3
distributor: wri
gsd_m: {"native":30}
access_model: open
licence: CC BY 4.0
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.globalforestwatch.org
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time deforestation alert for tropical forests","Forest law enforcement support and rapid response forest management","Deforestation hotspot identification and supply chain risk screening"]

practical_limitations:
["Not suitable for area estimates; event-based use only","Detection latency extended by persistent cloud cover in humid tropics","Geographic coverage confirmed pantropical 30 degrees N to 30 degrees S; global extension claimed by GFW as of 2026 but not confirmed from tier 1 sources accessed","Higher omission rate in secondary forests"]

known_artefacts:
["Possible alerts may arise from single-image artefacts; the 2-of-4-observation confirmation tier mitigates but does not eliminate"]

sources:
[{"id":"hansen-2016-erl","url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034008","title":"Humid tropical forest disturbance alerts using Landsat data, Hansen et al. 2016 ERL","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"glad-dataset-page","url":"https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/glad-forest-alerts","title":"GLAD Forest Alerts dataset page, UMD GLAD lab","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"glad-ard-page","url":"https://glad.umd.edu/ard/home","title":"GLAD Analysis Ready Data technical specification, UMD","tier":"operator-datasheet","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: b252ab2f-bcc9-4338-850c-46d64cfdd940
slug: glad-s2-alerts
status: live
name: GLAD-S2 (Sentinel-2 Deforestation Alerts)
aliases: ["GLAD-S2","GLAD Sentinel-2 Alerts","GLAD S2"]
level: L3
distributor: wri
gsd_m: {"native":10}
access_endpoint: https://glad.earthengine.app/view/s2-forest-alerts
access_model: open
licence: CC BY 4.0
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.globalforestwatch.org
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time deforestation alert for humid tropical forests","Selective logging and smallholder clearing detection (below GLAD-L's 30 m minimum)","Supply chain deforestation monitoring and EUDR compliance","Forest law enforcement rapid response"]

practical_limitations:
["Geographic coverage confirmed for Amazon basin primary forest from tier 1 source; pan-tropical or global scope stated by GFW marketing but unconfirmed from tier 1 as of 2026-05-18","Cloud cover extends detection latency; Sentinel-2 5-day revisit is nominal but cloud-contaminated scenes skip pixels","Output is event-based; not suitable for area estimation","No dedicated peer-reviewed validation paper identified; GLAD-S2 extends GLAD-L methods (Hansen et al. 2016)"]

known_artefacts:
["Possible alerts may arise from single-image spectral artefacts; confirmed tier requires repeated observations","Primary forest mask excludes secondary regrowth; disturbances outside mask are not captured"]

sources:
[{"id":"glad-dataset-page","url":"https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/glad-forest-alerts","title":"GLAD Forest Alerts dataset page, UMD GLAD laboratory","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"glad-earthengine-app","url":"https://glad.earthengine.app/","title":"GLAD Earth Engine Applications index, UMD","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hansen-2016-erl","url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034008","title":"Humid tropical forest disturbance alerts using Landsat data, Hansen et al. 2016 ERL","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: f69d9d01-4889-4f3b-943e-fb50dc47a944
slug: hansen-global-forest-change
status: live
name: Hansen Global Forest Change
aliases: ["Hansen GFC","Global Forest Change"]
level: L4
distributor: umd
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: GeoTIFF (unsigned 8-bit, 10x10 degree tiles)
access_endpoint: https://storage.googleapis.com/earthenginepartners-hansen/GFC-2025-v1.13/download.html
access_model: open
licence: CC BY 4.0
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
primary_data_portal_url:
https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/UMD_hansen_global_forest_change_2025_v1_13

use_cases:
["Multi-decadal global tree-cover-loss baseline (2000 to present)","Annual deforestation reporting context for the Hansen Science 2013 lineage","Reference layer underpinning GFW and the GLAD-L and RADD alert systems","REDD+, VCM, and EUDR baseline tree-cover and forest-loss inputs"]

practical_limitations:
["Tree cover loss is stand-replacement disturbance regardless of cause (plantations, fire, selective logging, agricultural clearing) and is not synonymous with permanent deforestation","Gain layer is frozen at 2000 to 2012 and has not been updated in any version since initial release","Pre-2011 versus post-2011 methodological discontinuity; direct rate comparisons across that boundary require methodological caution","Reported as a relative indicator of spatiotemporal trends; not a definitive area measurement for regulatory reporting","Accuracy metrics from Hansen et al. 2013 paper widely cited (about 97 percent user accuracy for loss) but the paper body was inaccessible from a tier 1 source in this research pass"]

known_artefacts:
["Boreal fire loss, smallholder clearing, selective logging, and short-cycle plantation clearing detection has improved markedly in the reprocessed post-2011 period; pre-2011 detection is systematically lower-sensitivity for these classes","8-bit quantisation in the Landsat composites limits radiometric discrimination relative to native 16-bit Landsat products"]

sources:
[{"id":"gee-v113","url":"https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/UMD_hansen_global_forest_change_2025_v1_13","title":"Hansen GFC v1.13 (2000-2025), GEE catalog","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gcs-v113","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/earthenginepartners-hansen/GFC-2025-v1.13/download.html","title":"Hansen GFC v1.13 download page, Google Cloud Storage","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gcs-v112","url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/earthenginepartners-hansen/GFC-2024-v1.12/download.html","title":"Hansen GFC v1.12 download page, Google Cloud Storage (methodology notes)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hansen2013","url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693","title":"High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change, Hansen et al. 2013, Science 342(6160):850-853","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: a1e09c00-ca6c-4ceb-ae2c-c2677c624b7c
slug: hisui-l1g
status: live
name: HISUI Level-1G Radiance
aliases: ["HISUI L1G","HISUI Level-1G","HISUI orthorectified radiance"]
level: L1
distributor: meti
spectral_range_nm: {"min":400,"max":2500}
gsd_m: {"native":20}
file_format: GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://www.tellusxdp.com
access_model: restricted
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.hisui.go.jp/product/distribution.html
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
licence:
HISUI / Tellus data licence (free for users affiliated with Japanese institutions, registration required)

use_cases:
["Geometric and atmospheric input for downstream mineral mapping workflows in Japanese exploration programmes","Cross-sensor validation against EnMAP L2A and PRISMA L2D over Japan-domestic test sites","Full VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral surface radiance suitable for spectral unmixing"]

practical_limitations:
["Access restricted to individuals affiliated with Japanese companies, organisations, and universities; international researchers cannot register through the public portal as of 2026-05-19","Coverage limited to approximately 51.6 N to 51.6 S due to ISS inclination","Level 2G surface reflectance product (atmospherically corrected) remains under development as of 2026-05-19; L1G is currently the highest-level publicly distributed product","Operational status as of 2026-05-19 carries a CEOS-database EOL caveat (CEOS states December 2025 EOL; operator activity continues, but the status is treated as nominal with this caveat)"]

known_artefacts:
["VNIR low-brightness striping was identified during 2025 and corrected in radiometric correction version 4 (released 18 February 2026); pre-v4 L1G products distributed before that date may show residual VNIR striping in shadowed regions","L1G is orthorectified using ALOS World 3D DEM; L1A and L1R precursor products do not include orthorectification"]

sources:
[{"id":"hisui-distribution","url":"https://www.hisui.go.jp/product/distribution.html","title":"HISUI product distribution, hisui.go.jp","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hisui-main","url":"https://www.hisui.go.jp/en/","title":"HISUI project portal, hisui.go.jp","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"jspacesystems-hisui","url":"https://www.jspacesystems.or.jp/en/project/observation/hisui/","title":"HISUI project page, Japan Space Systems","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: acc4f4ce-04bf-44b4-8de3-55ca924f8eea
slug: hls-v2
status: live
name: HLS V2.0 (Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2)
aliases: ["HLS","HLSL30 v2.0","HLSS30 v2.0","Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2"]
level: L3
distributor: nasa-jpl
spectral_range_nm: {"min":443,"max":2200}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSL30.002
access_model: open
licence: NASA Earthdata Use Policy
primary_data_portal_url: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search?q=HLS
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Input stack for vegetation disturbance detection (OPERA DIST-ALERT-HLS)","Multi-year NDVI and vegetation index time series at 30 m","Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring using Landsat plus Sentinel-2 fusion","EUDR supply-chain due diligence requiring high temporal-density optical coverage","Land cover change analysis across Landsat and Sentinel-2 archives","Agricultural monitoring and crop type mapping"]

practical_limitations:
["Two distinct sub-products (HLSL30 v2.0 from Landsat, HLSS30 v2.0 from Sentinel-2) share the same processing chain but have different band sets; spectral_band_count above (13) reflects S30; L30 has 11 bands including two TIRS thermal channels","L30 thermal bands (TIRS B10/B11) are resampled from native 100 m to 30 m and are brightness temperature, not surface reflectance","S30 Red-Edge bands (B05/B06/B07) retain original MSI spectral response and are not adjusted to OLI; cross-sensor red-edge time series require caution","BRDF correction accuracy primarily enhanced in areas below 65 degrees north latitude","2 to 3 day data latency from acquisition to product availability (not near-real-time)","Optical only; cloud cover reduces effective temporal density in humid tropics"]

known_artefacts:
["Aerosol QA bits added in V2.0; V1.x archives lack these aerosol quality flags","Fmask cloud masking inherited from source products; known commission and omission errors in complex scenes"]

sources:
[{"id":"cmr-l30","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C2021957657-LPCLOUD.umm_json","title":"HLSL30 v2.0, NASA CMR UMM-JSON record (C2021957657-LPCLOUD)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"cmr-s30","url":"https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C2021957295-LPCLOUD.umm_json","title":"HLSS30 v2.0, NASA CMR UMM-JSON record (C2021957295-LPCLOUD)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hls-page","url":"https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov","title":"Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) project page, NASA GSFC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"earthdata-hls","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/esds/harmonized-landsat-sentinel-2","title":"HLS overview, NASA Earthdata ESDS","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"hls-algorithms","url":"https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/algorithms/","title":"HLS Algorithms page, NASA GSFC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: bd69f24f-a090-4d43-879b-8b43d7484f8d
slug: iceye-sar-imagery
status: live
name: ICEYE SAR Imagery
aliases: ["ICEYE GRD","ICEYE SLC","ICEYE SAR data","ICEYE SAR amplitude"]
level: L1
distributor: iceye
gsd_m: {"native":3}
access_endpoint: https://www.iceye.com/sar-data/api
access_model: commercial
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.iceye.com/sar-data
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
file_format:
Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (GRD, primary); Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (SLC, complex); HDF5/GeoTIFF (legacy formats, deprecated 2026-12-31)

cost_model_summary:
Commercial tasking and archive access via direct customer agreement or API. Copernicus Contributing Mission status enables sponsored access for qualifying research and civil security users via the European Union Copernicus programme.

use_cases:
["Disaster response and rapid damage assessment (flood, earthquake, storm surge)","Defence and intelligence ISR (persistent monitoring, change detection)","Infrastructure monitoring (mine sites, construction, oil and gas facilities)","Maritime domain awareness (ship detection, port activity monitoring)","Structural geology mapping and fault tracing (Strip mode for regional coverage)","Sub-metre change detection at high-value sites (Dwell, Spotlight modes)"]

practical_limitations:
["VV single-polarisation only; no dual-pol or cross-pol (limits vegetation biomass and soil moisture retrieval compared to Sentinel-1 VV+VH)","Commercial access required; no free open-data tier outside Copernicus Contributing Mission sponsored allocation","Copernicus Contributing Mission access conditions not fully verified at tier 1 in this research pass; available volume and eligibility criteria may differ from public Sentinel access","Per-mode resolution varies by sensor generation; Dwell Precise (0.25 m) requires Gen 3.5 satellite tasking"]

sources:
[{"id":"iceye-product-spec-606-dataproducts","url":"https://sar.iceye.com/6.0.6/productspecification/dataproducts/","title":"ICEYE Data Product Specification v6.0.6, Data Products","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"iceye-sar-data-page","url":"https://www.iceye.com/sar-data","title":"ICEYE SAR Data, iceye.com","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"iceye-copernicus","url":"https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/explore-data/data-collections/contributing-missions","title":"Copernicus Contributing Missions, ESA Copernicus Data Space","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: e626fa04-2beb-4cd2-8c4d-89e5f63afdca
slug: jaxa-fnf-mosaic
status: live
name: JAXA ALOS/PALSAR Annual Forest/Non-Forest Mosaic
aliases: ["JAXA FNF Mosaic","PALSAR FNF Map","Global Forest/Non-Forest Map"]
level: L3
distributor: jaxa
gsd_m: {"native":25}
file_format: Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (Ver.2+); binary (legacy)
access_endpoint: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/dataset/fnf_e.htm
access_model: open
licence: Free for research; registration required; attribution (c)JAXA
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/dataset/fnf_e.htm
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Global forest extent mapping over multi-decadal time series","L-band SAR forest cover monitoring in persistently cloud-covered tropics","Long-term deforestation analysis (1992 to present, mosaic continuous)","REDD+ and carbon-MRV baseline forest cover for tropical countries","Cross-reference time series with optical Hansen Global Forest Change"]

practical_limitations:
["Mosaic temporal coverage and FNF classification temporal coverage differ; mosaic runs 1992 to 1998 (JERS-1), 2007 to 2010 (ALOS PALSAR), and 2015 to 2025 (ALOS-2 PALSAR-2), but FNF classification is available only for 2007 to 2010 (PALSAR) and 2017 to 2020 (PALSAR-2)","JERS-1 period (1992 to 1998) is mosaic-only; no FNF classification available; HH polarisation only (no HV)","2021 to 2025 FNF classification maps pending algorithm revision as of May 2026","Registration required for download; not anonymous open access","25 m GSD coarser than optical Landsat (30 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 m); appropriate for landscape-scale forest extent but not fine-scale clearings"]

known_artefacts:
["Annual mosaic compositing reduces speckle but can smear sub-annual disturbance events; per-scene SAR analysis required for event-level detection","FNF classification uses multi-year stacked input with target-year 3x weighting; cross-year discontinuities possible at sensor-generation boundaries (1998 to 2007 JERS-1 to ALOS gap, 2010 to 2015 ALOS to ALOS-2 gap)"]

sources:
[{"id":"eorc-fnf-page","url":"https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/dataset/fnf_e.htm","title":"Global PALSAR-2/PALSAR/JERS-1 Mosaics and Forest/Non-Forest Maps, JAXA EORC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eorc-alos-index","url":"https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/index_e.htm","title":"JAXA EORC ALOS dataset index with version update history","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"shimada-2014","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.014","title":"New Global Forest/Non-forest Maps from ALOS PALSAR Data (2007-2010), Shimada et al., Remote Sensing of Environment 155, 13 to 31","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: e293e8a7-1a6b-404c-8d4b-369f4358d62f
slug: jj-fast-alerts
status: live
name: JJ-FAST (JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics)
aliases: ["JJ-FAST","JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System","JJ-FAST Tropical Deforestation Alerts"]
level: L3
distributor: jaxa
gsd_m: {"native":100}
access_model: open
licence: Registration required for full access
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/jjfast/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time tropical deforestation alert independent of cloud cover","Government forest monitoring in persistent-cloud regions (Southeast Asia, Congo Basin, Amazon)","Supply chain deforestation risk screening for EUDR-regulated commodities","Complementary SAR-based alert to optical systems (GLAD-L, GLAD-S2, RADD)"]

practical_limitations:
["100 m resolution limits detection of small-area clearings below approximately 1 ha","Approximately 42-day product publication cycle (driven by ALOS-2 14-day orbital repeat plus ScanSAR tile composition and processing latency) is slower than RADD (6 to 12 day) and slower than optical systems under clear-sky conditions","Accuracy statistics not confirmed from tier 1 source (primary algorithm paper paywalled)","Minimum mapping unit not stated in accessible documentation"]

known_artefacts:
["Terrain-induced false detections suppressed by ALOS World 3D DEM slope mask added July 2023; residual artefacts possible in steep terrain","Speckle inherent to SAR; HH+HV dual-pol algorithm mitigates single-channel noise"]

sources:
[{"id":"jjfast-portal","url":"https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/jjfast/","title":"JJ-FAST, JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics, JAXA EORC portal","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eoportal-alos2","url":"https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/alos-2","title":"ALOS-2 mission overview including PALSAR-2 spec table, eoPortal","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"watanabe2021-rse","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112479","title":"Refined algorithm for forest early warning system with ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 ScanSAR data in tropical forest regions, Watanabe et al. 2021, Remote Sensing of Environment","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: f6095338-0000-408b-9ad8-bd4049e17a84
slug: landsat-collection-2-l2-sr
status: live
name: Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Surface Reflectance
aliases: ["Landsat C2 L2 SR","Landsat Collection 2 SR"]
level: L2
distributor: usgs
spectral_range_nm: {"min":430,"max":2350}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF
access_endpoint: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
access_model: open
licence: USGS public domain (no restrictions on use or redistribution)
primary_data_portal_url: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Canonical multispectral surface-reflectance input for long-term forest change monitoring","Foundation for GLAD-L deforestation alerts and the Hansen Global Forest Change dataset","Annual deforestation mapping (PRODES uses Landsat as primary input)","Cross-sensor time series back to 1982 (longest continuous multispectral land archive)","REDD+, VCM, and EUDR baseline reflectance for forest cover analytics"]

practical_limitations:
["Band count and spectral range differ by sensor generation (6 bands 450 to 2350 nm for TM/ETM+; 7 bands 430 to 2290 nm for OLI/OLI-2)","LEDAPS atmospheric correction (Landsat 4 to 7) vs LaSRC (Landsat 8 and 9) introduces an algorithm discontinuity for cross-sensor time series","Landsat 7 ETM+ scan line corrector failure (May 2003) introduces about 22 percent data gaps in all post-2003 ETM+ scenes; gap-fill is the user's responsibility","Processing constraint requires solar zenith angle below 76 degrees; high-latitude winter coverage limited","30 m GSD insufficient for sub-hectare disturbance detection (use Sentinel-2 or commercial high-resolution for finer scale)"]

known_artefacts:
["BOA reflectance is a synonym sometimes used by lower-tier aggregators; USGS canonical term is Surface Reflectance","OLI scene contains 11 bands total (OLI plus TIRS) but the SR product distributes only the 7 reflective bands (panchromatic, cirrus, and thermal excluded)"]

sources:
[{"id":"usgs-c2-l2","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2-level-2-science-products","title":"Landsat Collection 2 Level-2 Science Products, USGS","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"usgs-c2","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-collection-2","title":"Landsat Collection 2 overview, USGS","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"usgs-bands","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-band-designations-landsat-satellites","title":"Landsat band designations FAQ, USGS","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"aws-opendata-landsat","url":"https://registry.opendata.aws/usgs-landsat/","title":"USGS Landsat on AWS, Open Data Registry","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: aef17a97-f778-403e-bb22-60c65cc2564c
slug: mod13-vegetation-indices
status: live
name: MOD13 Vegetation Indices (MODIS NDVI/EVI)
level: L3
distributor: nasa
gsd_m: {"native":250}
file_format: HDF-EOS2
access_endpoint: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
access_model: open
licence: NASA EOSDIS open data
primary_data_portal_url: https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
aliases:
["MOD13","MOD13Q1","MYD13Q1","MOD13A1","MOD13A2","MOD13A3","MOD13C1","MOD13C2","MODIS NDVI","MODIS EVI"]

use_cases:
["Multi-decadal vegetation greenness and phenology monitoring","Tropical deforestation baseline and context (complement to alert products)","NOAA AVHRR NDVI continuity record (climate studies, pre-2000 extension)","Agricultural monitoring and crop condition assessment","Biomass and carbon stock change analysis support"]

practical_limitations:
["16-day composite cadence unsuitable for near-real-time deforestation alerting","250 m GSD resolves landscape-scale change, not individual clearings below about 6 hectare","SIN grid projection requires reprojection for standard GIS use (CMG variants avoid this)","Terra and Aqua VI values differ systematically due to equatorial crossing time differences; not interchangeable without cross-calibration awareness","HDF-EOS2 format requires specialised tools (gdal, HEG, pyhdf) for standard raster workflows"]

known_artefacts:
["Snow commission, EVI increases over snow (opposite of NDVI behaviour); mixed-pixel snow contamination inflates EVI in boreal and alpine winter","Cloud persistence, despite compositing, persistent cloud cover in the equatorial belt can result in degraded-quality composites; pixel reliability flags must be applied"]

sources:
[{"id":"earthdata-mod13q1","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-mod13q1-061","title":"MOD13Q1 v061, MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid, NASA Earthdata","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"earthdata-myd13q1","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/lpcloud-myd13q1-061","title":"MYD13Q1 v061, MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN Grid, NASA Earthdata","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gsfc-vi-page","url":"https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/vi.html","title":"MODIS Land Vegetation Indices, NASA GSFC MODIS Land team","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gee-mod13q1","url":"https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/MODIS_061_MOD13Q1","title":"MODIS/061/MOD13Q1 dataset, Google Earth Engine catalog","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: b8497ecd-eb47-4aed-a863-74f5fa67f637
slug: pixxel-firefly-imagery
status: live
name: Pixxel Firefly hyperspectral imagery
aliases: ["Firefly imagery","Pixxel Firefly L2 reflectance"]
level: L2A
distributor: pixxel
spectral_range_nm: {"min":470,"max":900}
gsd_m: {"native":5.4}
access_model: commercial
licence: Pixxel commercial licence (terms vary by buyer agreement)
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.pixxel.space
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Agricultural monitoring: crop stress, nutrient mapping, vegetation indices","Forestry and ecosystem health","Water quality: algal bloom, turbidity, dissolved organic matter","Mineral exploration (limited; VNIR-only excludes SWIR diagnostic features)","Defence and government applications including coastal monitoring and infrastructure inspection"]

practical_limitations:
["45-band-per-capture user-selectable delivery limit: instrument captures 135 bands but only the 45 selected at order time are delivered per scene","VNIR-only spectral coverage (470 to 900 nm); SWIR diagnostic features for clays, carbonates, sulphates, phyllosilicates not accessible","Tasked acquisition only; no global standing archive (commercial product)","No published cross-calibration documentation with EnMAP, PRISMA, EMIT, or Sentinel-2 reflectance products"]

known_artefacts:
["piSOFIT atmospheric correction uncertainty propagated per-pixel using Bayesian priors; uncertainty layer delivered alongside reflectance"]

sources:
[{"id":"pixxel-docs","url":"https://docs.pixxel.space/documentation/satellite_and_imagery/constellation_overview","title":"Pixxel Constellation Overview, Pixxel Documentation Portal","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"pixxel-pisofit","url":"https://support.pixxel.space/hc/en-us/articles/20497730652700-Atmospheric-Correction-ISOFIT-model","title":"Atmospheric Correction (ISOFIT model), Pixxel Support","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"pixxel-firefly-product","url":"https://www.pixxel.space/firefly","title":"Firefly hyperspectral satellites product page, Pixxel","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: c22619c9-73aa-4526-83ea-c6b13ed8230f
slug: prisma-l2d
status: live
name: PRISMA L2D Surface Reflectance
aliases: ["PRISMA L2D","PRISMA surface reflectance","PRISMA BOA reflectance"]
level: L2
distributor: asi
spectral_range_nm: {"min":400,"max":2505}
gsd_m: {"native":30}
file_format: HDF5 (.he5)
access_endpoint: https://prisma.asi.it
access_model: open
licence: Free for registered users; no fee; ASI terms of use apply
primary_data_portal_url: https://prisma.asi.it
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: community
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Alteration mineral mapping and lithological discrimination across full VNIR-SWIR range (400-2505 nm)","Carbonatite and rare-earth element deposit characterisation using SWIR absorption features","Cross-sensor comparison and validation against EnMAP L2A and EMIT L2A for geological mapping","Vegetation canopy biochemistry and land cover classification","Archive tasking for targeted mineral exploration areas via ASI CNM Access System"]

practical_limitations:
["VNIR-SWIR detector overlap zone (920-1010 nm) contains 9 bands present in both cubes; standard preprocessing retains only VNIR-cube bands in this zone, reducing effective hyperspectral coverage","Atmospheric correction algorithm not publicly documented by ASI; independent validation of correction quality limited in the accessible literature","30 m GSD limits sub-hectare mapping accuracy; outcrop-scale spectral mixing is a common issue at this resolution","30 km swath requires multiple acquisition passes to cover large exploration concession areas","29-day nadir repeat cycle; off-nadir manoeuvre enables 7-day relook but at reduced geometry quality","Single satellite with no constellation redundancy; acquisition gaps occur during instrument downtime or scheduling conflicts"]

known_artefacts:
["VNIR-SWIR detector join at approximately 920-1010 nm: 9 bands appear in both the VNIR and SWIR HDF5 sub-cubes; the standard practice (Vangi et al. 2021) is to retain VNIR-cube bands and discard SWIR-cube bands in this zone before spectral analysis","Noisy spectral regions near the detector boundary (approximately 885-970 nm and 1015-1050 nm) are routinely excluded in preprocessing (Verrelst et al. 2021); these exclusions are user-applied, not part of the L2D product definition"]

sources:
[{"id":"vangi2021","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7915604/","title":"The New Hyperspectral Satellite PRISMA: Imagery for Forest Types Discrimination, Sensors 2021","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"verrelst2021","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7613373/","title":"Mapping landscape canopy nitrogen content from space using PRISMA data, ISPRS J. Photogrammetry 2021","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eoportal-prisma","url":"https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/prisma-hyperspectral","title":"PRISMA Hyperspectral, eoPortal Directory","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"chakraborty2024","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122089","title":"A Spectral and Spatial Comparison of Satellite-Based Hyperspectral Data for Geological Mapping, Remote Sensing 2024","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"asi-prisma-en","url":"https://www.asi.it/en/earth-science/prisma/","title":"PRISMA mission page, ASI","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: c3798374-2912-40e8-9be1-8576209c012b
slug: prodes
status: live
name: PRODES (Deforestation Monitoring of Brazilian Biomes by Satellite)
level: L4
distributor: inpe
gsd_m: {"native":30}
access_endpoint: https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/
access_model: open
primary_data_portal_url: https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
aliases:
["PRODES","Programa de Monitoramento do Desmatamento dos Biomas Brasileiros por Satelite","BiomasBR"]

use_cases:
["Annual deforestation area estimation for the Amazon and all Brazilian biomes","Official legal benchmark for Brazilian government Amazon targets","REDD+ and UNFCCC national greenhouse gas inventory reporting","International deforestation research and policy reference","EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) baseline reference"]

practical_limitations:
["Annual cadence, not suitable for near-real-time monitoring (DETER provides that)","Dry-season acquisition window limits year-over-year consistency in biomes with variable cloud cover","30 m GSD and 6.25 ha minimum mapping unit are widely cited from the Landsat heritage but were not confirmed from tier 1 INPE methodology documents in this research pass; Phase 3 verification required","Per-biome temporal baselines differ (Amazon since 1988; other biomes shorter baselines)"]

sources:
[{"id":"terrabrasilis-about","url":"https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/about/","title":"TerraBrasilis About page, INPE","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"terrabrasilis-downloads","url":"https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/downloads/","title":"TerraBrasilis Downloads, INPE","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"wiki-amazon-deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_deforestation","title":"Amazon deforestation, Wikipedia","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 6c55366f-2e87-45d9-9699-9b312610ada3
slug: radd-alerts
status: live
name: RADD Forest Disturbance Alerts
aliases: ["RADD","Radar for Detecting Deforestation"]
level: L3
distributor: wri
gsd_m: {"native":10}
access_model: open
licence: CC BY 4.0
primary_data_portal_url: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Near-real-time tropical forest disturbance detection independent of cloud cover","Supply chain deforestation monitoring (palm, cocoa, rubber, soy)","Enforcement triggering for protected-area management agencies","Carbon project additionality and reversal monitoring"]

practical_limitations:
["Sentinel-1 fleet changed in 2022 (S-1B retired) and 2024 (S-1C added); revisit cadence and accuracy figures published in Reiche et al. 2021 reflect the S-1A+S-1B era and have not been re-validated post-fleet change in tier 1 sources accessed","Minimum mapping unit is 0.2 hectare (20 Sentinel-1 pixels); smaller disturbances are not detected","Coverage is humid tropical forest; not designed for boreal or temperate biomes"]

known_artefacts:
["Speckle noise inherent to single-look SAR; algorithm applies pixel-specific Gaussian Mixture Models and Bayesian confirmation to suppress false positives","Country count expansion from initial 6 (Congo Basin, 2021 launch) to a wider set across the humid tropics; exact current country count not confirmed from a tier 1 source in this pass"]

sources:
[{"id":"reiche2021","url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abd0a8","title":"Forest disturbance alerts for the Congo Basin using Sentinel-1, Reiche et al. 2021, ERL 16(2):024005","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"satelligence-page","url":"https://satelligence.com","title":"Satelligence homepage, RADD scaling partner role","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"gfw-radd","url":"https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data/radd-radar-alerts/","title":"New Radar Alerts Monitor Forests Through the Clouds (GFW blog)","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 2e04eb07-f986-4902-89b8-88867f4407ae
slug: sentinel-1-grd-iw
status: live
name: Sentinel-1 GRD IW
aliases: ["S1 GRD IW","Sentinel-1 Level-1 GRD IW","Sentinel-1 GRD"]
level: L1
distributor: esa
gsd_m: {"native":10}
file_format: SAFE (original) / COG_SAFE (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF, June 2023 onward)
access_endpoint: https://catalogue.dataspace.copernicus.eu/odata/v1/
access_model: open
licence: Copernicus Sentinel Data Legal Notice (free, full, open access)
primary_data_portal_url: https://browser.stac.dataspace.copernicus.eu/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Deforestation monitoring (RADD, tropical forest disturbance alerts)","Ship detection over ocean via VV backscatter change","Emergency response (flood, landslide, post-event damage assessment)","Land cover change and biomass cross-reference","Foundation for InSAR studies (note SLC is the InSAR product; GRD is amplitude only)"]

practical_limitations:
["Phase information removed; not suitable for InSAR (use SLC for interferometry)","10 m GRD pixel spacing sourced at tier 3 in this research pass; ESA product specification PDF was inaccessible and tier 1 confirmation pending Phase 3","Number-of-looks for IW GRD HS commonly cited around 4.4 ENL but not confirmed at tier 1 or tier 2","GRD HS variant (10 m) is the dominant distribution; MD variant (40 m) also exists with the same processing chain"]

known_artefacts:
["TOPSAR burst-mode artefacts can manifest as scalloping if multi-look filtering is insufficient at sub-swath boundaries","Speckle is inherent to SAR; multi-looking in GRD reduces it but does not eliminate it"]

sources:
[{"id":"esa-facts-s1","url":"https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Facts_and_figures","title":"Sentinel-1 Facts and Figures, ESA","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"cdse-docs-s1","url":"https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/Data/SentinelMissions/Sentinel1.html","title":"Sentinel-1 data collections documentation, Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nasa-earthdata-s1","url":"https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/platforms/space-based-platforms/sentinel-1","title":"Sentinel-1 platform page, NASA Earthdata","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"cdse-terms","url":"https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/terms-and-conditions","title":"Copernicus Data Space terms and conditions","tier":"legal-text","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"sentinel-hub-s1grd","url":"https://docs.sentinel-hub.com/api/latest/data/sentinel-1-grd/","title":"Sentinel-1 GRD, Sentinel Hub API documentation","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: fe710b47-8595-40b1-aff3-f36d5d022afa
slug: sentinel-2-l2a
status: live
name: Sentinel-2 L2A (Surface Reflectance)
level: L2A
distributor: esa
spectral_range_nm: {"min":443,"max":2202}
gsd_m: {"native":10,"resampled":60}
file_format: JPEG2000 (SAFE container)
access_endpoint: https://dataspace.copernicus.eu
access_model: open
licence: Copernicus Open Access (free, full, open)
primary_data_portal_url: https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu
stac_endpoint_url: https://stac.dataspace.copernicus.eu
known_artefacts: ["Sen2Cor scene classification confuses thin cirrus with bright bare soil in some scenes"]
last_verified_date: "2026-05-08T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
deployment_context: orbital
use_cases:
["Vegetation monitoring (NDVI, EVI)","Land cover classification","Surface water mapping","Snow cover monitoring"]

practical_limitations:
["Cloud cover masks limit usable acquisitions in equatorial and high-latitude winter scenes","5-day revisit insufficient for sub-daily phenomena"]


# topics

atlas_id: 1f233413-33b7-4e6c-811c-47fc199198bc
slug: minerals
status: live
name: Mineral exploration
related_topics: ["land-cover-change","geology"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Mining exploration","Geological mapping","Lithological mapping","Alteration mapping","Critical minerals mapping"]

description:
Mapping mineral alteration assemblages, lithological units, and structural geology for exploration targeting. Hyperspectral classification (VNIR-SWIR) is the primary method. Used by mining companies, geological surveys, and critical mineral supply chain analysts.

sources:
[{"id":"cudahy-2008-rs","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.002","title":"Cudahy and Hewson 2008, ASTER geoscience product notes, Remote Sensing of Environment","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z","publication_date":"2008-09-15T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"emit-mineral-paper","url":"https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/data/data-products/","title":"EMIT Data Products, NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"enmap-mission","url":"https://www.enmap.org/mission/","title":"EnMAP Mission Overview, DLR","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"usgs-spectral-library","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/labs/spectroscopy-lab/science/spectroscopy-lab","title":"USGS Spectroscopy Lab and Spectral Library v7","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"namibia-comparative-2024","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122089","title":"Chakraborty et al. 2024, A Spectral and Spatial Comparison of Satellite-Based Hyperspectral Data for Geological Mapping, Remote Sensing","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z","publication_date":"2024-06-09T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 5735ca79-1f9d-4bba-9579-3af516af383a
slug: deforestation
status: live
name: Deforestation
aliases: ["Forest clearing","Forest loss","REDD+ monitoring","Tree cover loss","Tropical deforestation"]
related_topics: ["forest-structure","land-cover-change","wildfire"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detection and mapping of forest loss events, from clearing to degradation. Used by carbon registries, compliance buyers, and national REDD+ programmes. Served primarily by vegetation index time-series and SAR backscatter change detection.


atlas_id: b4c5e44f-23cf-48ac-96f9-bc623beb0b0c
slug: wildfire
status: live
name: Wildfire
related_topics: ["deforestation","drought","air-quality"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Active fire detection","Burn scar mapping","Fire disturbance","Forest fire","Wildfire burn severity"]

description:
Detection, mapping, and severity assessment of active wildfires and burn scars. Combines thermal anomaly detection for active fires with vegetation index mapping for burn severity. Used by emergency response agencies, insurers, and carbon accountants.


atlas_id: 3612e042-d0bb-495e-bb50-fceef70dd275
slug: flooding
status: live
name: Flooding
related_topics: ["inland-water","drought","subsidence"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Flood extent mapping","Flood inundation","River flooding","Flash flood","Disaster damage assessment"]

description:
Mapping flood extent, depth proxies, and inundation duration. SAR backscatter change detection is the primary method; radar altimetry provides inland water level context. Used by disaster response, insurance, infrastructure planning, and humanitarian aid.


atlas_id: 1392445c-bc50-4ed3-ad6c-dd9e1e0bfcba
slug: drought
status: live
name: Drought
related_topics: ["soil-moisture","crop-stress","flooding"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Drought monitoring","Vegetation stress","Dry spell","Agricultural drought","Hydrological drought"]

description:
Monitoring soil moisture deficits, vegetation stress, and crop water shortfalls at regional scale. Draws on land-surface temperature, vegetation indices, and passive microwave soil moisture. Used by agricultural ministries, water utilities, and early warning systems.


atlas_id: 1db46fc0-98af-446e-bf57-9e5517d8d5a4
slug: sea-ice
status: live
name: Sea ice
related_topics: ["snow-water-equivalent","sea-level"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Sea ice concentration","Sea ice extent","Arctic sea ice","Antarctic sea ice","Ice pack monitoring"]

description:
Monitoring sea ice extent, concentration, thickness, and multi-year/first-year ice type. Critical GCOS ECV. Served by passive microwave radiometry, SAR backscatter, and GNSS-R. Used by climate modellers, shipping route planners, and polar research programmes.


atlas_id: 7b03c5d1-a3b5-433d-bb23-f1812cc49729
slug: coastal-erosion
status: live
name: Coastal erosion
aliases: ["Shoreline change","Coastal retreat","Beach erosion","Cliff erosion","Shoreline monitoring"]
related_topics: ["flooding","sea-level"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Measuring shoreline retreat, sediment budget change, and cliff/dune dynamics over time. InSAR and optical change detection are the primary approaches. Used by coastal management authorities, infrastructure planners, and insurance.


atlas_id: 9fa26069-cc1e-4202-8237-9c96ec6f1add
slug: permafrost
status: live
name: Permafrost and ground ice
aliases: ["Thermokarst","Active layer monitoring","Ground ice","Arctic thaw","Permafrost degradation"]
related_topics: ["subsidence","drought","greenhouse-gas-flux"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Monitoring active-layer depth, permafrost extent, and thermokarst formation. InSAR surface deformation is the primary EO method; thermal IR and passive microwave contribute. GCOS ECV. Used by climate modellers, infrastructure engineers in Arctic regions, and carbon cycle researchers.


atlas_id: 8e6f8208-51a8-43f9-b474-b0edc54c59ce
slug: snow-water-equivalent
status: live
name: Snow water equivalent
aliases: ["SWE","Snowpack water content","Snow depth","Mountain snow","Snowmelt forecasting"]
related_topics: ["sea-ice","flooding","drought"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Estimating the water content of seasonal snowpack across mountain and high-latitude regions for hydropower reservoir management, water resource forecasting, avalanche risk, and ski industry operations. Passive microwave radiometry provides global daily SWE; GNSS-R and SAR contribute at higher resolution. ESA CCI Snow ECV.


atlas_id: 1103ba87-e03c-4d32-b876-d9be8a7fad2f
slug: biodiversity
status: live
name: Biodiversity and habitat
related_topics: ["forest-structure","deforestation","land-cover-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Habitat mapping","Ecosystem monitoring","Species habitat","Nature-based solutions","Biodiversity indicators"]

description:
Characterising species habitats, ecosystem extent, vegetation type diversity, and structural complexity for biodiversity assessment, protected-area management, and nature-based solutions monitoring. Hyperspectral classification maps vegetation communities; LiDAR provides canopy structural diversity; polarimetric SAR retrieves forest volume. Aligned with GEO BON Essential Biodiversity Variables.


atlas_id: 44316ada-b4cf-426b-8c49-7023e4f9f535
slug: methane
status: live
name: Methane (CH4)
related_topics: ["greenhouse-gas-flux","industrial-emissions"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["CH4 monitoring","Fugitive methane emissions","Gas leak detection","Pipeline leak","Methane detection","Carbon"]

description:
Detection and quantification of methane emissions from point sources (oil and gas facilities, landfills) through to regional flux estimation and global background screening. The highest-value single topic in current atmospheric monitoring; served by three distinct SWIR methodologies at different scales.


atlas_id: f2b31a16-5bd7-446a-b086-a91c92ee15c4
slug: greenhouse-gas-flux
status: live
name: Greenhouse gas inventory
related_topics: ["methane","co2","forest-structure","marine-primary-production"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["GHG inventory","Carbon accounting","National carbon inventory","CO2 flux","Greenhouse gas monitoring","Carbon"]

description:
Area-integrated estimation of net greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, CH4, N2O) for national inventory reporting, carbon accounting, and Paris Agreement compliance. Served by regional SWIR flux methodologies and SIF-based GPP estimation. Used by governments, carbon markets, and ESG reporting bodies.


atlas_id: 9cbcd88d-880e-4b34-ad46-9e8aeb219204
slug: co2
status: live
name: CO2
related_topics: ["methane","greenhouse-gas-flux"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Carbon dioxide monitoring","CO2 concentration","Atmospheric CO2","Industrial CO2 emissions","Point-source CO2"]

description:
Column-integrated atmospheric CO2 monitoring from point-source industrial emitters to global background concentration. Distinct from flux inventory -- this is the direct measurement of atmospheric concentration. Used by climate scientists, carbon credit verifiers, and emissions regulators.


atlas_id: a16df62e-8146-41e0-83a7-48fb74f3dfd8
slug: air-quality
status: live
name: Air quality
aliases: ["Urban pollution","NO2 monitoring","Particulate matter","Smog monitoring","Air pollution"]
related_topics: ["industrial-emissions","shipping-emissions"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Monitoring tropospheric pollutants -- NO2, SO2, aerosols, ozone -- affecting human health and regulatory compliance. UV-VIS tropospheric column mapping (TROPOMI-class) is the primary method. Used by city authorities, health agencies, and industrial compliance officers.


atlas_id: ec2a196a-a97d-49b2-9194-1fabb108e5dd
slug: industrial-emissions
status: live
name: Industrial emissions
related_topics: ["methane","co2","air-quality"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Gas flare monitoring","Facility emissions","Refinery emissions","Industrial pollution","Stack emissions"]

description:
Attribution and monitoring of emissions from specific industrial facilities -- gas flares, refineries, smelters, power plants. Combines thermal anomaly detection (flares) with SWIR point-source and UV-VIS NO2/SO2 column mapping. Used by environmental regulators, ESG analysts, and supply-chain auditors.


atlas_id: 9c9e9b60-c2b2-4b7c-83b8-60f7c6cad6dc
slug: shipping-emissions
status: live
name: Shipping emissions
aliases: ["Vessel emissions","Maritime air pollution","NOx shipping","SOx shipping","Dark fleet emissions"]
related_topics: ["air-quality","industrial-emissions","vessel-tracking"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Monitoring NOx, SOx, and particulate emissions from maritime vessels, including dark fleet identification and port air quality assessment. Tropospheric column mapping (NO2/SO2) is the primary method. Used by port authorities, flag-state regulators, and IMO compliance bodies.


atlas_id: c5e2b427-7282-4272-83a4-4e536adace97
slug: ozone-stratosphere
status: live
name: Stratospheric ozone
related_topics: ["air-quality"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Ozone hole monitoring","Total ozone column","Stratospheric ozone depletion","Ozone layer","UV index forecasting"]

description:
Monitoring total ozone column, ozone hole dynamics, and stratospheric composition. GCOS ECV; served by atmospheric limb/nadir sounding. Used by WMO, national meteorological agencies, and climate treaty bodies (Montreal Protocol compliance).


atlas_id: 53085bc5-340a-4f2e-93c1-d289db64b509
slug: crop-type
status: live
name: Crop-type mapping
related_topics: ["crop-stress","crop-phenology","land-cover-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Crop identification","Crop classification","Agricultural land use mapping","Parcel-level crop mapping"]

description:
Classifying agricultural parcels by crop species or crop group for food security assessment, subsidy compliance, and insurance underwriting. Hyperspectral classification and optical-SAR fusion (for cloudy regions) are the primary methods. Used by agricultural ministries, commodity traders, and crop insurance companies.


atlas_id: b83b2c38-0299-4e37-af82-da4df8ccfef9
slug: crop-stress
status: live
name: Crop stress and yield
related_topics: ["crop-type","crop-phenology","drought","soil-moisture"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Crop yield estimation","Crop health monitoring","Yield forecasting","Agricultural stress","Crop water stress"]

description:
Early detection of biotic and abiotic stress in crops -- water deficit, nutrient deficiency, disease -- and estimation of yield potential before harvest. SIF retrieval and vegetation indices are the primary methods. Used by precision agriculture platforms, commodity traders, and food security agencies.


atlas_id: 679781f9-5202-46cd-86f4-742713cd9b15
slug: crop-phenology
status: live
name: Crop phenology
aliases: ["Growing season timing","Crop calendar","Phenological stages","Green-up onset","Harvest timing"]
related_topics: ["crop-stress","crop-type","drought"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Tracking the timing of crop growth stages -- emergence, flowering, senescence -- across seasons and years. Multi-sensor spatiotemporal fusion enables dense time-series under cloud cover. Used by yield forecasters, climate adaptation planners, and precision agriculture systems.


atlas_id: b7038a90-35a7-45b5-aa7f-43b060af3910
slug: soil-moisture
status: live
name: Soil moisture
aliases: ["Surface soil water","Soil wetness","Root zone moisture","Agricultural soil water","Vadose zone"]
related_topics: ["drought","crop-stress","irrigation","flooding"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Retrieving near-surface soil water content for agricultural planning, drought monitoring, and flood risk assessment. Passive microwave radiometry gives global daily coverage; GNSS-R and SAR provide higher resolution. GCOS ECV. Used by precision agriculture platforms, national meteorological services, and hydrological modellers.


atlas_id: 8d09355c-8694-4e09-a65e-0efd520c8035
slug: irrigation
status: live
name: Irrigation monitoring
aliases: ["Irrigation mapping","Water use efficiency","Evapotranspiration","Irrigated area mapping"]
related_topics: ["soil-moisture","drought","inland-water"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detecting irrigated areas, estimating irrigation water use, and monitoring efficiency from satellite-derived evapotranspiration and soil moisture signals. Used by water resource managers, basin authorities, and agricultural insurers.


atlas_id: 10968874-06ad-430f-bad1-81084df6529b
slug: pest-disease
status: live
name: Pest and disease detection
related_topics: ["crop-stress","crop-type"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Crop disease mapping","Pest infestation mapping","Phytopathology remote sensing","Blight detection"]

description:
Early identification of crop damage from insects, fungi, bacteria, or viruses using spectral anomalies in the red-edge and SWIR. Hyperspectral classification is the most capable method; vegetation indices provide lower-resolution screening. Used by crop protection companies, agricultural ministries, and early warning networks.


atlas_id: 399df260-545b-4f95-95dd-b6d232743bae
slug: pasture
status: live
name: Pasture and grazing
aliases: ["Rangeland monitoring","Forage biomass","Grazing capacity","Grassland productivity"]
related_topics: ["drought","soil-moisture","land-cover-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Monitoring rangeland biomass, forage availability, and grazing pressure for livestock management. Vegetation indices and multi-sensor fusion provide seasonal biomass estimates. Used by livestock producers, national rangeland agencies, and drought early warning systems.


atlas_id: cfb099f4-570d-4428-aacf-561f438c82d5
slug: pipeline-integrity
status: live
name: Pipeline integrity
related_topics: ["subsidence","methane","industrial-emissions"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Pipeline monitoring","Oil pipeline leak detection","Gas pipeline integrity","Subsea pipeline monitoring"]

description:
Monitoring ground movement above buried pipelines using InSAR subsidence and deformation detection; identifying thermal anomalies from leaks; and detecting vegetation stress indicating subsurface leaks. Used by oil and gas operators, infrastructure owners, and regulators.


atlas_id: 2c57e57a-bef4-4ef1-9765-794bb349948b
slug: power-grid
status: live
name: Power grid and vegetation encroachment
related_topics: ["urban-heat","forest-structure"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Transmission line monitoring","Right-of-way encroachment","Vegetation management","Power line corridor"]

description:
Monitoring vegetation growth under transmission lines using canopy height and vegetation index change detection, and assessing line sag risk from thermal IR. Used by transmission system operators and utilities.


atlas_id: f8d8a30c-03ab-46d3-8365-272dc86ad6ea
slug: solar-siting
status: live
name: Solar energy siting and monitoring
related_topics: ["urban-heat","land-cover-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Solar farm monitoring","PV siting","Solar irradiance mapping","Photovoltaic monitoring","Solar capacity assessment"]

description:
Site selection and operational monitoring for solar PV and concentrating solar installations using irradiance climatology, land cover, and surface reflectance change detection. Used by solar developers, asset managers, and grid planners. Distinct from wind siting -- solar is fundamentally a spectral/irradiance problem.


atlas_id: 720d5332-c7f3-4a01-896e-f2c77b63038e
slug: wind-siting
status: live
name: Wind energy siting
aliases: ["Wind farm siting","Offshore wind","Wind resource assessment","Wind speed mapping"]
related_topics: ["sea-level"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Site assessment for onshore and offshore wind farm development using surface roughness, wind speed climatology, and terrain inputs. Offshore siting uses GNSS-R ocean wind retrievals and radar altimetry sea state; onshore uses LiDAR terrain. Used by wind developers and resource assessment consultancies. Distinct from solar -- wind is a radar/dynamics problem.


atlas_id: 9f5cb743-f074-42f7-8ab3-6ef35528f934
slug: urban-heat
status: live
name: Urban heat island
aliases: ["Urban heat","Urban temperature","Heat island effect","Urban microclimate","City cooling"]
related_topics: ["air-quality","building-thermal"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Mapping intra-urban temperature differentials from land-surface temperature retrievals to guide urban greening policy, cooling infrastructure planning, and heat health alert systems. Used by city planners, public health authorities, and climate adaptation programmes.


atlas_id: 0d6d98d9-ffee-4ca9-a899-cfcb07940979
slug: building-thermal
status: live
name: Building thermal performance
related_topics: ["urban-heat"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Building heat loss","Thermal efficiency mapping","Retrofit targeting","Energy poverty mapping","Building insulation"]

description:
Identifying heat loss from buildings via thermal IR imagery to prioritise retrofit programmes and monitor energy efficiency at district scale. Used by energy utilities, municipal governments, and building retrofit programmes.


atlas_id: 15d15927-702a-4d1b-9262-c7df157ba964
slug: geology
status: live
name: Geology and geohazards
related_topics: ["minerals","subsidence"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Fault mapping","Earthquake monitoring","Volcanic monitoring","Geohazard assessment","Tectonic monitoring"]

description:
Structural geology mapping, fault characterisation, earthquake deformation, and volcanic monitoring from InSAR deformation and hyperspectral lithological classification. Used by geological surveys, hazard agencies, and extractive industry.


atlas_id: a7533908-c0ad-422c-bde0-7f3d89d78c85
slug: subsidence
status: live
name: Subsidence
aliases: ["Ground settlement","Land subsidence","Mine subsidence","Urban sinking","Ground deformation"]
related_topics: ["permafrost","pipeline-integrity","urban-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Millimetre-scale surface displacement monitoring from InSAR phase analysis; covers urban subsidence from groundwater extraction, mining subsidence, and infrastructure settlement. Used by city engineers, mining operators, insurers, and transport infrastructure owners.


atlas_id: ccee631c-1522-46a2-8238-3c496e436390
slug: land-cover-change
status: live
name: Land cover change
aliases: ["Land use change","LULC change","Habitat loss","Land degradation","Land transformation"]
related_topics: ["deforestation","urban-change","crop-type"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detecting and classifying changes in land surface use and cover type over time -- urbanisation, deforestation, agricultural expansion, wetland loss. Vegetation index time-series, SAR change detection, and optical-SAR fusion are the primary methods. GCOS ECV. Used by environmental agencies, urban planners, and carbon accountants.


atlas_id: cf41319c-7058-4e9e-b9b7-d0a1c33fd395
slug: urban-change
status: live
name: Urban change
related_topics: ["land-cover-change","subsidence","illegal-construction"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Urban growth monitoring","Built-up area expansion","City growth","Urban sprawl","Urban development mapping"]

description:
Monitoring urban expansion, infill development, demolition, and informal settlement growth from SAR change detection and optical classification. Distinct from urban heat (thermal) and illegal construction (enforcement). Used by city planners, humanitarian agencies, and real estate analysts.


atlas_id: cfc6d295-f5a4-4dc6-9d78-dadbeda03c9f
slug: illegal-construction
status: live
name: Illegal construction
related_topics: ["urban-change","land-cover-change"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Unauthorised construction","Planning violation detection","Encroachment mapping","Informal settlement expansion"]

description:
Detecting unauthorised building activity in restricted zones -- conservation areas, flood plains, protected land -- using SAR backscatter change and optical change detection. Used by planning authorities, land registries, and environmental enforcement agencies.


atlas_id: a60f8d31-1f72-4861-b2c5-df979e0e7355
slug: forest-structure
status: live
name: Forest structure and biomass
related_topics: ["deforestation","biodiversity","pasture"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Forest biomass","Canopy height","Above-ground carbon stock","Forest inventory","Carbon stock mapping","Carbon"]

description:
Estimating forest canopy height, above-ground biomass, and vertical structure from LiDAR, SAR polarimetry, and hyperspectral classification. GCOS ECV (Above-ground biomass). Used by carbon credit registries, national forestry agencies, and biodiversity conservation bodies.


atlas_id: 57b8d357-07ce-4d35-a163-aa408af7f071
slug: vessel-tracking
status: live
name: Vessel tracking
related_topics: ["fishing","oil-spill","shipping-emissions"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Ship detection","Dark fleet monitoring","Maritime surveillance","AIS dark vessel","Ship tracking"]

description:
Monitoring vessel presence, type, and behaviour from SAR and optical imagery, including dark vessel detection that falls outside AIS coverage. Used by coast guards, fisheries enforcement, port operators, and maritime insurers.


atlas_id: 6da267c1-455e-44b5-9ab9-e6b6ecc6873f
slug: fishing
status: live
name: Illegal and unregulated fishing
aliases: ["IUU fishing","Illegal fishing detection","Fishing effort monitoring","Vessel activity mapping"]
related_topics: ["vessel-tracking","marine-primary-production"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detecting fishing vessel activity in protected or regulated zones, estimating fishing effort, and monitoring compliance with catch quotas using SAR and optical vessel detection. Used by fisheries management bodies, NGOs, and flag-state authorities.


atlas_id: 37076689-ac67-49c6-924c-481662d00975
slug: oil-spill
status: live
name: Oil spills
aliases: ["Marine pollution","Hydrocarbon spill","Oil slick mapping","Offshore spill","Tanker spill"]
related_topics: ["vessel-tracking","coastal-water-quality"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detecting and mapping surface oil spills from dark-band SAR signatures and optical slick mapping. Used by coast guards, environmental agencies, shipping insurers, and offshore operators for incident response and liability assessment.


atlas_id: ebb22f47-7463-4b82-a0d5-db2c2ca9d321
slug: marine-primary-production
status: live
name: Marine primary production
aliases: ["Phytoplankton","Chlorophyll-a","Ocean productivity","Marine ecosystem health","Carbon"]
related_topics: ["fishing","coastal-water-quality","sea-surface-temperature"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Estimating phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll-a concentration, and net primary production from ocean colour retrievals. Used by fisheries managers, climate scientists (marine carbon sink), and aquaculture operators.


atlas_id: b297e7ed-4d75-4e92-b7c9-13ef8cac15d7
slug: harmful-algal-bloom
status: live
name: Harmful algal blooms
aliases: ["HAB detection","Algal bloom monitoring","Cyanobacteria bloom","Red tide","Blue-green algae"]
related_topics: ["coastal-water-quality","inland-water","marine-primary-production"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Detecting and monitoring cyanobacteria and harmful algae proliferations in coastal and inland water bodies for public health protection, aquaculture management, drinking water supply safety, and beach closure decisions. Ocean colour retrieval is first-choice; thermal IR adds surface temperature as bloom-favourable indicator. Distinct user from marine primary production (utility / health vs climate science).


atlas_id: e05ac599-3c95-46cc-946b-192be637472f
slug: coastal-water-quality
status: live
name: Coastal water quality
related_topics: ["marine-primary-production","harmful-algal-bloom","oil-spill","coastal-erosion"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Coastal turbidity","Estuarine water quality","Suspended sediment","Sediment plume","Marine water clarity"]

description:
Monitoring turbidity, CDOM, suspended sediment, and eutrophication in coastal and estuarine waters from multispectral and hyperspectral ocean colour algorithms. Scope is purely coastal/marine; freshwater quality lives under inland-water. Used by coastal regulators, aquaculture operators, port authorities, and tourism boards.


atlas_id: 4b8ce052-fbe9-4826-9cfb-357c077963f7
slug: sea-level
status: live
name: Sea level and ocean dynamics
aliases: ["Sea level rise","Ocean surface height","Ocean circulation","Wave height","Coastal flooding risk"]
related_topics: ["flooding","sea-ice","sea-surface-temperature","coastal-erosion"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Monitoring global mean sea level rise, regional sea level variability, ocean surface circulation, and significant wave height from radar altimetry. GCOS ECVs: Sea level, Sea state. Used by climate agencies, coastal planners, naval operations, and offshore engineering.


atlas_id: b1303d20-453c-4ddd-977a-a9942858bcda
slug: sea-surface-temperature
status: live
name: Sea surface temperature
related_topics: ["sea-level","marine-primary-production","harmful-algal-bloom","fishing"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["SST","Ocean surface temperature","Thermal ocean mapping","Coral bleaching alert","Marine heatwave"]

description:
Retrieval of ocean surface skin temperature from thermal IR (Sentinel-3 SLSTR, MODIS, VIIRS, Landsat TIRS), distributed operationally by Copernicus Marine Service. The longest continuous EO-derived ocean record outside altimetry. Used by fisheries (thermal-front fishing), coral bleaching early warning (NOAA Coral Reef Watch), hurricane intensity forecasting, and aquaculture site selection.


atlas_id: 955c5502-5cb5-4f7a-b11f-77392faf132c
slug: inland-water
status: live
name: Inland water
related_topics: ["flooding","harmful-algal-bloom","irrigation","drought"]
last_verified_date: 2026-05-23
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
aliases:
["Lake levels","River discharge","Reservoir monitoring","Wetland extent","Inland water quality","Freshwater pollution"]

description:
Monitoring lake levels, river discharge, reservoir storage, wetland extent, and inland water quality (turbidity, algal blooms, pollution plumes) for water utilities, basin authorities, hydropower operators, and drought early warning. Strong user community in the Netherlands (Rijkswaterstaat, water boards, Deltares) and Alpine hydropower regions. Radar altimetry is first-choice for water levels; ocean colour serves freshwater quality. GCOS ECVs: River Discharge, Lakes.


# standards

atlas_id: 97ffbdc3-6c3c-41b8-a6d7-2cb76c1c6e34
slug: ceos-ivos
status: live
name: CEOS WGCV IVOS Calibration and Validation Framework
aliases: ["IVOS","CEOS IVOS","Infrared and Visible Optical Sensors Subgroup","CEOS WGCV IVOS"]
kind: methodology
authority: ceos
url: https://ceos.org/ourwork/workinggroups/wgcv/subgroups/ivos/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
CEOS WGCV IVOS is the Infrared and Visible Optical Sensors Subgroup, the international sensor-level calibration and validation protocol authority for VNIR, SWIR, and TIR optical EO instruments. It defines Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites, inter-sensor cross-calibration protocols, and vicarious calibration best practices that anchor radiometric harmonisation across hyperspectral missions including PRISMA, EnMAP, EMIT, and HISUI.

sources:
[{"id":"ivos-home","url":"https://ceos.org/ourwork/workinggroups/wgcv/subgroups/ivos/","title":"CEOS WGCV IVOS Subgroup page, ceos.org","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"wgcv-home","url":"https://ceos.org/ourwork/workinggroups/wgcv/","title":"CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation, ceos.org","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"calval-portal","url":"https://calvalportal.ceos.org/home","title":"CEOS CalVal Portal, calvalportal.ceos.org","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"chander2013","url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2228654","title":"Chander et al. 2013, Overview of Intercalibration of Satellite Instruments, IEEE TGRS","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"mishra2014","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6021327","title":"Mishra et al. 2014, Absolute calibration of optical satellite sensors using Libya 4, Remote Sensing 6(2):1327","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"bacour2019","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101166","title":"Bacour et al. 2019, Revisiting Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites over sand deserts, Remote Sensing 11(10):1166","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"choi2013","url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023907","title":"Choi et al. 2013, Spectral stability of the Libya 4 site using EO-1 Hyperion, SPIE Proc.","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"adrija2025","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/7/1301","title":"Adrija et al. 2025, Absolute Vicarious Calibration EPICS for EnMAP PRISMA HISUI EMIT, Remote Sensing 17(7):1301","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 4dbe37e4-956f-4651-9cae-829061c1cabd
slug: ceos-lpv
status: live
name: CEOS LPV Stage 0-4 Validation Hierarchy
aliases: ["Land Product Validation","CEOS WGCV LPV","LPV validation stages"]
kind: methodology
authority: ceos
url: https://lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
The CEOS Land Product Validation (LPV) subgroup's Stage 0-4 hierarchy is the international standard for expressing validation maturity of satellite-derived land products. Stage 0 (no assessment) through Stage 4 (systematic, fiducial-reference-backed updates) defines the common scale against which products across twelve thematic focus areas (including Land Cover, Aboveground Biomass, Vegetation Index, and Evapotranspiration) are assessed and compared.

sources:
[{"id":"lpv-home","url":"https://lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov/","title":"CEOS Land Product Validation Subgroup home, NASA GSFC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"lpv-about","url":"https://lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov/about.html","title":"About the LPV Subgroup, lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"lpv-documents","url":"https://lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov/documents.html","title":"LPV Good Practices Protocols and Documents, lpvs.gsfc.nasa.gov","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"ceos-wgcv","url":"https://ceos.org/ourwork/workinggroups/wgcv/subgroups/lpv/","title":"CEOS WGCV LPV Subgroup page, ceos.org","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nightingale2019","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050590","title":"Nightingale et al. 2019, A User Perspective on Future Needs for Remote Sensing Science (Remote Sensing 11(5):590)","tier":"peer-reviewed","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 9e9d2743-b605-41ce-af42-5bc13a85ec22
slug: fao-fra
status: live
name: FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment
aliases: ["FRA","FAO FRA","Global Forest Resources Assessment"]
kind: methodology
version: FRA 2025
authority: fao
url: https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
Quinquennial FAO-led methodology and reporting framework consolidating official national statistics on forest area, growing stock, biomass, ownership, management, disturbance, and related variables across 194 countries and areas. FRA defines standardised national reporting tables, forest and deforestation definitions, and the FRA Remote Sensing Survey methodology using the Landsat archive via Google Earth Engine and Collect Earth Online for sampling-based area estimation. First conducted in 1948 and quinquennial since FRA 1990, it is the canonical global authority on forest statistics against which all satellite-derived forest area products are benchmarked.

sources:
[{"id":"fra-home","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en","title":"Global Forest Resources Assessment homepage, FAO","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-history","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/background/history/en","title":"FRA history, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-about","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/background/about/en","title":"About FRA, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-nc","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/background/national-correspondents/en","title":"National Correspondents, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-2020-page","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/past-assessments/fra-2020/en","title":"FRA 2020 overview, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-2025-page","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/past-assessments/fra-2025/en","title":"FRA 2025 overview, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-rss","url":"https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/remote-sensing/remote-sensing-survey/en","title":"FRA Remote Sensing Survey, FAO forest-resources-assessment","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-terms","url":"https://www.fao.org/3/cc4691en/cc4691en.pdf","title":"FRA 2025 Terms and Definitions, FAO (cc4691en, 2023)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"fra-guidelines","url":"https://www.fao.org/3/cc4690en/cc4690en.pdf","title":"FRA 2025 Guidelines and Specifications, FAO (cc4690en, 2023)","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"ceo","url":"https://collect.earth","title":"Collect Earth Online, FAO and SERVIR","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: aa3e6437-9dc1-4607-8637-c06d8f45fc12
slug: pisofit
status: live
name: piSOFIT
aliases: ["Pixxel piSOFIT","Pixxel ISOFIT"]
kind: processing-chain
version: operator-managed, no public version tag
authority: pixxel
url: https://support.pixxel.space/hc/en-us/articles/20497730652700-Atmospheric-Correction-ISOFIT-model
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Atmospheric correction processing chain used by Pixxel for Firefly hyperspectral imagery. Pixxel implementation of the NASA JPL ISOFIT optimal-estimation framework, with a neural-network MODTRAN radiative-transfer emulator, superpixel aerosol and water-vapour retrieval, and per-pixel Bayesian uncertainty propagation. Produces Level-2A surface reflectance with uncertainty layers from upstream Level-1 radiance.

sources:
[{"id":"pixxel-pisofit","url":"https://support.pixxel.space/hc/en-us/articles/20497730652700-Atmospheric-Correction-ISOFIT-model","title":"Atmospheric Correction (ISOFIT model), Pixxel Support","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nasa-jpl-isofit","url":"https://github.com/isofit/isofit","title":"ISOFIT framework, NASA JPL public release","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: b11637a9-4138-47f3-b8e2-2be4800c007b
slug: redd-plus-mrv
status: live
name: Warsaw Framework for REDD+ MRV
aliases: ["REDD+","REDD+ MRV","Warsaw Framework REDD+","Warsaw Framework for REDD+"]
kind: methodology
version: Warsaw Framework, 2013
authority: unfccc
url: https://redd.unfccc.int/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
Multilateral methodology framework adopted at COP 19 (Warsaw, December 2013) governing how developing countries measure, report, and verify forest emission reductions to access results-based payments. Comprises seven decisions (9/CP.19 through 15/CP.19) covering results-based finance, national forest monitoring systems, forest reference emission levels, safeguards information, and MRV modalities. Decision 11/CP.19 mandates national forest monitoring systems combine remote sensing with ground-based inventory, making satellite-derived forest area change data an obligatory input to national REDD+ reporting. Integrated under Article 5 of the Paris Agreement; in force as of 2026.

sources:
[{"id":"wfr-factsheet","url":"https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/warsaw-framework-for-redd.html","title":"Warsaw Framework for REDD+ fact sheet, REDD+ Web Platform, UNFCCC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nfms-factsheet","url":"https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/national-forest-monitoring-system.html","title":"National Forest Monitoring System fact sheet, REDD+ Web Platform, UNFCCC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"frel-factsheet","url":"https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/forest-reference-emission-levels.html","title":"Forest Reference Emission Levels fact sheet, REDD+ Web Platform, UNFCCC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"mrv-factsheet","url":"https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/redd-mrv-and-results-based-payments.html","title":"REDD+ MRV and Results-Based Payments fact sheet, REDD+ Web Platform, UNFCCC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"safeguards-factsheet","url":"https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/safeguards.html","title":"Safeguards fact sheet, REDD+ Web Platform, UNFCCC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"unfccc-redd-overview","url":"https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/redd/what-is-redd","title":"What is REDD+, UNFCCC land use workstreams","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-18T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: b54817e2-869f-4a6f-8b6e-e5bf9b771225
slug: refcal-v0
status: live
name: RefCal v0 (placeholder)
kind: methodology
version: 0
authority: spectraworks
last_verified_date: "2026-05-08T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Placeholder RefCal methodology entry. Replaced when the v1 methodology ships from SpectraWorks. All early calibration_grading edges anchor here so the schema is exercised end-to-end before v1 lands.


atlas_id: 09b88fa0-e0a5-424e-bf19-0e710c7b8209
slug: sen2cor
status: live
name: Sen2Cor
kind: processing-chain
version: 2.11
authority: esa
url: https://step.esa.int/main/snap-supported-plugins/sen2cor/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-08T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
ESA's Sentinel-2 atmospheric correction processor. Converts L1C TOA reflectance to L2A bottom-of-atmosphere surface reflectance.


atlas_id: 31347b00-d721-448d-81de-8e18ae712fa2
slug: usgs-spectral-library-v7
status: live
name: USGS Spectral Library Version 7
aliases: ["splib07","USGS splib07","Kokaly et al. 2017 spectral library","USGS Digital Spectral Library v7"]
kind: methodology
version: v7
authority: usgs
url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/1035/
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
The USGS Spectral Library Version 7 (Kokaly et al. 2017, Data Series 1035) is the canonical open-access collection of laboratory, field, and airborne reflectance spectra for minerals, rocks, soils, coatings, liquids, organic compounds, vegetation, and artificial materials. It is the primary reference end-member library for spaceborne mineral mapping workflows including EMIT L2B, ASTER-based alteration mapping, and EnMAP mineral abundance retrieval.

sources:
[{"id":"kokaly2017-report","url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ds1035","title":"Kokaly et al. 2017, USGS Spectral Library Version 7, USGS Data Series 1035","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"splib07-data","url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7RR1WDJ","title":"USGS Spectral Library Version 7 Data, ScienceBase data release","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"usgs-speclab-library","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/labs/spectroscopy-lab/usgs-spectral-library","title":"USGS Spectral Library, USGS Spectroscopy Lab","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


# regulatory_frameworks

atlas_id: 71168204-bb69-4eb1-8e7d-fc36ab7a27b2
slug: eudr
status: live
name: EU Deforestation Regulation
short_name: EUDR
issuing_authority: European Parliament and Council of the European Union
instrument_type: regulation
jurisdiction: European Union
legal_status: phasing-in
official_source_url: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1115/oj
last_verified_date: "2026-05-17T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: agency-doc
claim_status: unclaimed
obligation_summary:
Prohibits placing on the EU market, or exporting from it, seven covered commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soy, wood) and their derived products unless they are deforestation-free, produced in accordance with relevant legislation of the country of production, and covered by a due-diligence statement with geolocation of plots of origin.

applicability_dates:
[{"date":"2024-06-29T00:00:00.000Z","applies_to":"Regulation in force"},{"date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00.000Z","applies_to":"Application date for large and medium operators and traders"},{"date":"2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z","applies_to":"Application date for micro and small enterprises"}]

sources:
[{"id":"eur-lex-2023-1115","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1115/oj","title":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 on deforestation-free products","tier":"legal-text","accessed":"2026-05-17T00:00:00.000Z","publication_date":"2023-06-09T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"ec-eudr-overview","url":"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en","title":"Regulation on deforestation-free products, European Commission","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-17T00:00:00.000Z"}]


# ground_segments

atlas_id: 4f2455d7-7886-4c79-a4ff-50bb1c8c71a0
slug: ksat-global-network
status: live
name: KSAT Global Ground Station Network
aliases: ["KSAT Network","KSATlite","Kongsberg Satellite Services ground network"]
operator: ksat
bands_supported: ["S-band","X-band","Ka-band","UHF","VHF"]
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
station_locations:
["Svalbard (SvalSat, 78 N)","Troll (Antarctica, 72 S)","Tromso (HQ)","Inuvik (Canada)","Hawaii (Hawaii Ground Station)","Punta Arenas (Chile)","Mauritius","Singapore","Dubai","Hartebeesthoek (South Africa)","Cordoba (Argentina)","Other commercial and partner stations across 25+ global sites"]

description:
Commercial ground station network operated by KSAT (Kongsberg Satellite Services). The largest commercial ground station network globally with antennas at more than 25 sites spanning polar (Svalbard at 78 N, Troll at 72 S) to equatorial latitudes. The Svalbard and Troll stations are the structural differentiator: at high latitudes a polar-orbiting EO satellite passes over the station every orbit, providing 12 to 14 downlink opportunities per day per station versus 2 to 4 from equatorial-only networks. Service offering covers mission operations, telemetry, tracking and command, downlink, and data delivery for EO, communications, scientific, and smallsot operators. KSATlite is the productised smallsat-tier service. The April 2026 strategic partnership with NanoAvionics integrates KSAT ground services into the NanoAvionics standard mission stack.

sources:
[{"id":"ksat-network","url":"https://www.ksat.no/ground-network-services/the-ksat-global-network","title":"KSAT Global Network, ksat.no","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


# launch_services

atlas_id: c1d8e4b9-208e-4283-a4d5-c2df746c807a
slug: isro-pslv
status: live
name: PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
aliases: ["PSLV","Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle"]
provider: isro
vehicle_family: PSLV
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: agency-verified
description:
India's primary expendable medium-lift launch vehicle, operated by ISRO from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Available in multiple configurations (PSLV-CA, PSLV-XL, PSLV-DL, PSLV-QL); PSLV-XL is the workhorse variant carrying up to 1,750 kg to SSO. Commercial launches booked via NewSpace India Limited (NSIL).

sources:
[{"id":"isro-pslv-overview","url":"https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLV_CON.html","title":"PSLV vehicle overview, ISRO","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"vssc-pslv","url":"https://www.vssc.gov.in/PSLV.html","title":"The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, VSSC","tier":"agency-doc","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nsil-launch","url":"https://www.nsilindia.co.in/launch-services","title":"Launch Services, NSIL","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"wiki-pslv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle","title":"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Wikipedia","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"wiki-pslv-launches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches","title":"List of PSLV launches, Wikipedia","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"wiki-pslv-c54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV-C54","title":"PSLV-C54 mission, Wikipedia","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"eoportal-pixxel","url":"https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/pixxel","title":"Pixxel Hyperspectral Imaging Constellation, eoPortal","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 7795809d-5b22-4e09-a6b9-02551e5d40f1
slug: spacex-transporter
status: live
name: SpaceX Transporter Smallsat Rideshare Programme
aliases: ["Transporter","SpaceX Smallsat Rideshare","Transporter rideshare"]
provider: spacex
vehicle_family: Falcon 9 Block 5
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Dedicated smallsat rideshare service to sun-synchronous orbit, operated by SpaceX on Falcon 9 Block 5. Missions numbered sequentially from Transporter-1 (January 2021). Cadence approximately quarterly to biannual. Dominant launch service for commercial EO smallsats including Planet, ICEYE, Spire, Capella, Pixxel, Satellogic, and GHGSat. Pricing approximately 7,000 USD per kilogram as of early 2026, with a 50 kg minimum slot. SpaceX does not publish official per-mission total payload mass; the 5,000 kg figure here is the conservative typical-manifest mass cited across third-party trackers.

sources:
[{"id":"spacex-rideshare-page","url":"https://www.spacex.com/rideshare","title":"SpaceX Smallsat Rideshare Programme","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"elonx-missions","url":"https://www.elonx.net/spacex-smallsat-rideshare-missions/","title":"SpaceX Smallsat Rideshare Missions, ElonX","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"nse-pricing","url":"https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2026/02/27/spacex-rideshare-pricing-as-of-february-2026-what-it-costs-whats-included-and-how-buyers-budget-a-mission/","title":"SpaceX Rideshare Pricing as of February 2026, New Space Economy","tier":"third-party","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"pixxel-t12-launch","url":"https://www.pixxel.space/news/pixxel-launches-worlds-highest-resolution-hyperspectral-satellites-kickstarts-firefly-constellation-for-climate-action","title":"Pixxel Launches Firefly hyperspectral satellites on Transporter-12, Pixxel","tier":"operator-press","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"spacenews-t16","url":"https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-transporter-16-rideshare-mission/","title":"SpaceX launches Transporter-16 rideshare mission, SpaceNews","tier":"third-party","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 62d14ba8-1b5c-4412-8573-26bc706e723a
slug: isilaunch
status: live
name: ISILAUNCH
aliases: ["ISISPACE Launch Services","ISIS Launch Services"]
provider: isispace
last_verified_date: "2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
description:
Launch services department of ISISPACE Group. Provides rideshare launch opportunities, full launch campaign management, integration engineering support, and flight certification testing for CubeSats and microsatellites up to the 16U and microsatellite class. Manufactures its own deployer hardware used on all campaigns.

sources:
[{"id":"isispace-launch-services-page","url":"https://www.isispace.nl/launch-equipment-services/","title":"Launch Equipment and Services, ISISPACE","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"firefly-lsa-press","url":"https://www.isispace.nl/news/isilaunch-enters-into-launch-services-agreement-with-firefly-aerospace/","title":"ISILAUNCH enters into Launch Services Agreement with Firefly Aerospace, ISISPACE newsroom","tier":"operator-press","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"isilaunch-redirect","url":"https://www.isilaunch.com","title":"ISILAUNCH website (redirects to isispace.nl/launch-equipment-services/)","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z"}]


# tasking_subscriptions

atlas_id: fb3693ee-9a9e-4d2a-abf9-e5bcfe7f4a37
slug: iceye-archive-tasking
status: live
name: ICEYE Archive and Tasking Bundle
aliases: ["ICEYE Archive Tasking","ICEYE subscription bundle"]
provider: iceye
target_type: product
target_slug: iceye-sar
commercial_model: subscription
offering_kind: operator-direct
last_verified_date: "2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
delivery_sla:
Archive delivery typically within hours of order. Tasking component subject to standard scheduling queue, not the Tactical Access priority SLA.

geographic_scope:
Global. ICEYE archive spans multiple years across all latitudes accessible to near-polar SAR orbits.

description:
Broader ICEYE subscription bundle combining archive access rights across the full ICEYE SAR collection library with an included tasking allocation. Aimed at analytics and change-detection buyers who need both historical baseline imagery and ongoing acquisition capacity.

sources:
[{"id":"iceye-archive-page","url":"https://www.iceye.com/solutions/archive","title":"ICEYE SAR archive, product page","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"iceye-subscriptions","url":"https://www.iceye.com/solutions/subscriptions","title":"ICEYE subscription products","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 8d853d7e-f544-4463-8fea-f3059ff6c4c3
slug: iceye-tactical-access
status: live
name: ICEYE Tactical Access
aliases: ["ICEYE Tactical","ICEYE tasking subscription"]
provider: iceye
target_type: product
target_slug: iceye-sar
commercial_model: subscription
geographic_scope: Global. Some geographic restrictions may apply per ICEYE export-control policy.
offering_kind: operator-direct
last_verified_date: "2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
delivery_sla:
Tasking-to-delivery typically under 30 minutes for urgent orders. Standard delivery within 90 minutes of collection. Exact SLA is tier-dependent and contract-specific.

description:
Subscription product providing guaranteed tasking capacity and rapid delivery from the ICEYE X-band SAR constellation. Launched October 2025. Targets defence, intelligence, and emergency-response buyers needing persistent SAR coverage with a service-level commitment.

sources:
[{"id":"iceye-tactical-launch","url":"https://www.iceye.com/press-releases/iceye-launches-tactical-access-service","title":"ICEYE launches Tactical Access service, press release","tier":"operator-press","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"iceye-tasking-page","url":"https://www.iceye.com/solutions/tasking","title":"ICEYE SAR tasking solutions","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: 3217dd2c-191a-4afe-b5ab-5653f8c71e8e
slug: maxar-securewatch
status: live
name: Vantor SecureWatch
aliases: ["Maxar SecureWatch","SecureWatch","Vantor WorldView tasking"]
provider: vantor
target_type: mission
target_slug: worldview-legion
commercial_model: subscription
offering_kind: operator-direct
last_verified_date: "2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
delivery_sla:
Priority tasking: typically 24-48h from order to first collection attempt over cloud-free target. Standard tasking: best-effort within the programming window.

geographic_scope:
Global. US export control restrictions apply to certain designated areas and sanctioned territories.

description:
Recurring-access subscription to the Vantor (formerly Maxar Intelligence) WorldView constellation. Provides tasking rights across WorldView Legion, WorldView-3, WorldView-2, and WorldView-1 assets under a single commercial umbrella.

sources:
[{"id":"vantor-securewatch","url":"https://www.vantor.com/solutions/securewatch/","title":"SecureWatch, Vantor product page","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"vantor-hub-tasking","url":"https://hub.vantor.com","title":"Vantor Hub, commercial tasking interface","tier":"operator-engineering","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"maxar-securewatch-archive","url":"https://resources.maxar.com/data-sheets/securewatch","title":"SecureWatch data sheet, Maxar (archived)","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"}]


atlas_id: f5513530-0244-4b96-9366-2d48199d369a
slug: pixxel-aurora
status: live
name: Pixxel Aurora
aliases: ["Aurora by Pixxel","Pixxel Aurora tasking"]
provider: pixxel
target_type: mission
target_slug: pixxel-firefly-1
commercial_model: subscription
geographic_scope: Global. Subject to Pixxel's launch and constellation coverage ramp-up through 2025-2026.
offering_kind: operator-direct
last_verified_date: "2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
delivery_sla:
Details not yet published at V1 authoring date. Pixxel markets Aurora as a recurring-access product with tasking from the Firefly hyperspectral constellation.

description:
Pixxel's named tasking-access product for the Firefly hyperspectral constellation. In-development as of 2026-05-20; commercial terms and SLA parameters not yet published. Provides subscription-style access to 400-channel hyperspectral tasking at approximately 5 m GSD.

sources:
[{"id":"pixxel-aurora-page","url":"https://www.pixxel.space/aurora","title":"Pixxel Aurora product, operator marketing page","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"},{"id":"pixxel-solutions","url":"https://www.pixxel.space/solutions","title":"Pixxel commercial solutions","tier":"operator-marketing","accessed":"2026-05-20T00:00:00.000Z"}]


# methodologies

atlas_id: 33982f9f-dc71-4514-abdd-8e64cc9f2ac2
slug: swir-absorption-point-source
status: live
name: SWIR absorption - point-source
family: Imaging spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Uses column-averaged gas concentration retrieval from SWIR absorption bands (~1600-2300 nm). [Wikipedia: Shortwave infrared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_infrared)

summary:
Detects gas absorption features (CH4, CO2, CO) at SWIR wavelengths from a single point or facility source; good for industrial emissions monitoring and leak detection.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":1600,"max":2350},"bands_min":100,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":200,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_infrared","title":"Wikipedia: Shortwave infrared","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 210a2ee6-8b16-4e76-9f92-117e90050526
slug: swir-absorption-regional-flux
status: live
name: SWIR absorption - regional flux
family: Imaging spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Aggregates column concentration retrievals across wide swaths to derive net flux estimates. Requires consistent cross-track radiometric calibration. [Wikipedia: Greenhouse gas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas)

summary:
Estimates area-integrated greenhouse gas flux over agricultural, wetland, or basin-scale regions; good for national inventory support and carbon accounting.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":1600,"max":2350},"bands_min":100,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":150,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas","title":"Wikipedia: Greenhouse gas","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: f46f6436-a37f-48aa-88f6-3a14461584fc
slug: swir-absorption-global-screening
status: live
name: SWIR absorption - global screening
family: Imaging spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Trades spatial resolution for coverage; useful as a first-pass triage layer before targeted point-source attribution. [Wikipedia: Remote sensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing)

summary:
Wide-area survey for anomalous methane or CO2 concentrations at coarse spatial resolution; good for prioritising follow-up with finer sensors.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":1600,"max":2050},"bands_min":50,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":100,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing","title":"Wikipedia: Remote sensing","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 06b18f3e-a513-4573-bc72-34edab1cbd39
slug: hyperspectral-classification
status: live
name: Hyperspectral classification
family: Imaging spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Matches per-pixel spectra against reference libraries or trained classifiers. Accuracy depends heavily on cross-sensor calibration consistency. [Wikipedia: Hyperspectral imaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging)

summary:
Identifies surface materials or land-cover classes from full spectral fingerprints; good for geology, vegetation stress, and mineralogy mapping.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":400,"max":2500},"bands_min":100,"calibration_tier_min":"reflectance","snr_min":100,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging","title":"Wikipedia: Hyperspectral imaging","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 1c4e68b6-ad54-4955-a779-b3f79f95a22d
slug: atmospheric-limb-nadir-sounding
status: live
name: Atmospheric limb/nadir sounding
family: Atmospheric spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Profile retrieval via optimal estimation or radiative transfer inversion against solar Fraunhofer lines. Limb geometry gives vertical resolution; nadir trades that for coverage. [Wikipedia: Atmospheric sounding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_sounding)

summary:
Retrieves vertical profiles of atmospheric composition (O3, H2O, NO2) from solar occultation or nadir radiance; good for air quality monitoring and stratospheric science.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":250,"max":2500},"bands_min":100,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":200,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_sounding","title":"Wikipedia: Atmospheric sounding","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 8cfe3b10-ecf6-4ac3-bb16-41cc43ad6009
slug: tropospheric-column-no2-so2
status: live
name: Tropospheric column mapping (NO2/SO2)
family: Atmospheric spectroscopy
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
DOAS retrieval over UV-VIS (~310-490 nm) exploiting differential absorption structures. TROPOMI/Sentinel-5P is the operational benchmark at 3.5 x 5.6 km nadir resolution. [Wikipedia: Differential optical absorption spectroscopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_optical_absorption_spectroscopy)

summary:
Maps tropospheric NO2 and SO2 column density from UV-VIS backscatter; good for urban air quality, shipping emissions, and volcanic SO2 tracking.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":310,"max":490},"bands_min":50,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":150,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_optical_absorption_spectroscopy","title":"Wikipedia: Differential optical absorption spectroscopy","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 2694d1ce-87b2-46fc-be87-8d70151b8597
slug: vegetation-index-mapping
status: live
name: Vegetation index mapping
family: Multispectral
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Band-ratio indices from red (~660 nm) and NIR (~840 nm). NDVI saturates in dense canopies; EVI corrects for atmosphere and soil background noise. Implemented across the entire Landsat/Sentinel-2/MODIS fleet. [Wikipedia: Normalized difference vegetation index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index)

summary:
Derives vegetation health, density, and phenology indicators (NDVI, EVI, SAVI) from red and NIR band ratios; good for crop monitoring, deforestation alerts, and land cover change detection.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":600,"max":900},"bands_min":2,"calibration_tier_min":"reflectance","snr_min":50,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_vegetation_index","title":"Wikipedia: Normalized difference vegetation index","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 791fd84b-0c34-4a4c-8abb-98bf87f52694
slug: ocean-colour-water-leaving-radiance
status: live
name: Ocean colour / water-leaving radiance
family: Multispectral
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Atmospheric correction removes >90% of the top-of-atmosphere signal before water-leaving radiance is retrieved. Band-ratio empirical algorithms (OC4/OC5/OC6) or semi-analytical inversion for optically complex coastal/inland waters. [Wikipedia: Ocean color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_color)

summary:
Retrieves chlorophyll-a concentration, CDOM, and suspended sediment from spectrally resolved water-leaving radiance; good for marine primary production, harmful algal bloom detection, and coastal water quality.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":400,"max":750},"bands_min":5,"calibration_tier_min":"reflectance","snr_min":200,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_color","title":"Wikipedia: Ocean color","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 5fc2d77f-9276-47a8-aff0-a6d3308cce22
slug: insar-surface-deformation
status: live
name: InSAR - surface deformation
family: SAR processing
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Interferometric phase encodes range change between passes. Requires precise orbit knowledge and temporal coherence between acquisitions. [Wikipedia: Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_synthetic-aperture_radar)

summary:
Measures millimetre-scale ground surface displacement by comparing phase differences between repeat SAR passes; good for subsidence, earthquake deformation, and volcanic monitoring.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"geometric","gsd_max":20,"repeat_pass_geometry":true,"polarisation_modes":["VV"],"swath_min_km":50}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_synthetic-aperture_radar","title":"Wikipedia: Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 37b582ab-fe3b-42dd-8558-f1b6ea4b535a
slug: polarimetric-sar-decomposition
status: live
name: Polarimetric SAR - target decomposition
family: SAR processing
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Uses coherence or covariance matrix decomposition (Pauli, Freeman-Durden, Cloude-Pottier). Requires fully polarimetric (quad-pol) acquisition, which most operational sensors do not acquire by default. [Wikipedia: Synthetic-aperture radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar)

summary:
Decomposes backscatter into scattering mechanisms (surface, double-bounce, volume) using multi-polarisation data; good for forest structure estimation, urban mapping, and soil moisture retrieval.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"geometric","gsd_max":10,"repeat_pass_geometry":false,"polarisation_modes":["HH","HV","VH","VV"],"swath_min_km":30}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar","title":"Wikipedia: Synthetic-aperture radar","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 7ba5f0dd-cf3e-46f7-bdf0-f157f0a12c77
slug: sar-backscatter-change-detection
status: live
name: SAR backscatter - change detection
family: SAR processing
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Single- or dual-pol intensity ratio or log-difference between acquisitions. Cloud-independent; operates day and night. The primary method for rapid flood extent mapping -- InSAR coherence is a complement, not a replacement. [Wikipedia: Synthetic-aperture radar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar)

summary:
Detects land-cover or structural change by comparing backscatter intensity across dates; good for flood mapping, deforestation alerts, and disaster damage assessment.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"temporal","cadence_max_days":12,"time_series_length_min":2,"cloud_tolerance_class":"immune"}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar","title":"Wikipedia: Synthetic-aperture radar","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 2ea45f8b-8b4f-492c-9936-01692e787bea
slug: lst-emissivity-retrieval
status: live
name: Land-surface temperature - emissivity retrieval
family: Thermal IR
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Separates emissivity from temperature using split-window or temperature-emissivity separation algorithms. Requires accurate atmospheric correction. [Wikipedia: Land surface temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_surface_temperature)

summary:
Retrieves surface temperature and spectral emissivity from TIR radiance measurements; good for urban heat islands, drought stress monitoring, and surface energy balance studies.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":8000,"max":12000},"bands_min":2,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":50,"daylight_required":false,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_surface_temperature","title":"Wikipedia: Land surface temperature","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: e0c0166b-9a2e-46e9-9074-f2d3caf8c795
slug: thermal-anomaly-detection
status: live
name: Thermal anomaly detection
family: Thermal IR
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Contextual or fixed threshold applied to mid-wave or longwave IR channels. High saturation risk over intense sources requires careful gain settings. MWIR (~3.5-4 um) is more sensitive to sub-pixel hot targets than LWIR. [Wikipedia: Wildfire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire)

summary:
Identifies localised high-temperature events against background radiance; good for active fire detection, gas flare monitoring, and volcanic hotspot mapping.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":3500,"max":12000},"bands_min":1,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":20,"daylight_required":false,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire","title":"Wikipedia: Wildfire","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: f688a430-0957-4f0c-ae86-29130083d421
slug: spaceborne-lidar-altimetry-canopy
status: live
name: Spaceborne LiDAR - altimetry and canopy structure
family: LiDAR
requirements_envelope: {"kind":"geometric","gsd_max":25,"repeat_pass_geometry":false,"polarisation_modes":[]}
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Full-waveform or photon-counting systems (GEDI, ICESat-2 style) return vertical structure profiles along ground tracks. Sparse spatial sampling limits area coverage -- complementary to SAR and optical rather than a standalone mapping tool. [Wikipedia: Lidar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar)

summary:
Measures surface elevation and vegetation canopy height from photon-counting or waveform LiDAR pulses; good for forest biomass estimation, ice sheet monitoring, and terrain mapping.

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar","title":"Wikipedia: Lidar","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 2cabd9cb-027f-463f-bc62-319a8d3a485b
slug: passive-microwave-radiometry
status: live
name: Passive microwave radiometry
family: Passive microwave
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Brightness temperature at multiple frequencies and polarisations inverted against emission models. Coarse spatial resolution (~25 km) limits applicability over heterogeneous terrain. Cloud-independent and operates day and night. [Wikipedia: Passive microwave remote sensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_microwave_remote_sensing)

summary:
Retrieves soil moisture, sea ice concentration, snow water equivalent, and atmospheric water vapour from natural microwave emission; good for global hydrological and cryosphere monitoring.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":3000000,"max":30000000},"bands_min":2,"calibration_tier_min":"radiometric","snr_min":10,"daylight_required":false,"cloud_tolerant":true}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_microwave_remote_sensing","title":"Wikipedia: Passive microwave remote sensing","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 76be27c6-87ca-49c5-b525-1007ebf0258e
slug: radar-altimetry-ssh-inland-water
status: live
name: Radar altimetry - sea surface height and inland water levels
family: Radar altimetry
requirements_envelope: {"kind":"geometric","gsd_max":300000,"repeat_pass_geometry":true,"polarisation_modes":["Ku-band"]}
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Nadir pulse-limited or SAR-mode altimeter measures round-trip travel time to the surface. Corrections applied for ionosphere, wet/dry troposphere, and tides. TOPEX/Poseidon -> Jason-1/2/3 -> Sentinel-6 constitutes an unbroken record since 1992. [Wikipedia: Radar altimeter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_altimeter)

summary:
Measures sea surface height, significant wave height, and inland water levels from nadir-pointing radar pulse returns; good for sea level rise monitoring, ocean circulation, and river/lake hydrology.

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_altimeter","title":"Wikipedia: Radar altimeter","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 358a25c5-19f4-4cb9-a98c-b805ba34acbb
slug: gnss-reflectometry
status: live
name: GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R)
family: GNSS-R
requirements_envelope: {"kind":"geometric","gsd_max":25000,"repeat_pass_geometry":false,"polarisation_modes":["L-band"]}
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Bistatic radar using GPS/Galileo/BDS signals as sources of opportunity. Delay-Doppler maps encode surface roughness and dielectric properties. CYGNSS (2016) is the first dedicated constellation. L-band penetrates vegetation canopy better than shorter-wavelength active radar. [Wikipedia: GNSS reflectometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry)

summary:
Retrieves surface properties (ocean wind speed, soil moisture, sea ice extent, surface roughness) from reflected L-band navigation signals; good for global ocean wind monitoring and soil moisture at low constellation cost.

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry","title":"Wikipedia: GNSS reflectometry","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: ffc12e26-de33-49a2-96a3-ab25acb35aed
slug: optical-sar-fusion
status: live
name: Optical-SAR data fusion
family: Fusion
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Feature-level or decision-level fusion; SAR provides all-weather geometric structure while optical provides spectral identity. Requires co-registration and calibration consistency across sensors. [Wikipedia: Data fusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fusion)

summary:
Combines optical reflectance and SAR backscatter to exploit complementary information; good for cloud-persistent monitoring, crop classification under cloud cover, and flood mapping in vegetated areas.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"fusion","component_methodology_atlas_ids":["vegetation-index-mapping","sar-backscatter-change-detection"],"integration_pattern":"feature-level"}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_fusion","title":"Wikipedia: Data fusion","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 94e063b5-a23c-4156-9b61-b891cf2f78f3
slug: multisensor-spatiotemporal-fusion
status: live
name: Multi-sensor spatiotemporal fusion - gap-filling
family: Fusion
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
Algorithms such as STARFM or ESTARFM predict fine-resolution reflectance at unobserved dates by learning spatial-temporal relationships from paired image sets. [Wikipedia: Remote sensing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing)

summary:
Reconstructs dense time-series by blending high-frequency coarse-resolution and low-frequency fine-resolution observations; good for crop phenology tracking and cloud-gap filling.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"fusion","component_methodology_atlas_ids":["vegetation-index-mapping","hyperspectral-classification"],"integration_pattern":"spatiotemporal-blending"}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing","title":"Wikipedia: Remote sensing","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


atlas_id: 3f29c38d-0a47-4c22-9b50-4233b0d4a28a
slug: sun-induced-fluorescence-retrieval
status: live
name: Sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) retrieval
family: Sun-induced fluorescence
last_verified_date: 2026-05-22
verified_by: sw
claim_status: unclaimed
body:
SIF constitutes only 0.5-2% of top-of-canopy radiance and requires both high spectral resolution (~0.3 nm) and advanced retrieval schemes (DOAS/PCA-based infilling of Fraunhofer lines at 687 nm and 760 nm). TROPOMI demonstrated at 3.5 x 5.6 km; ESA FLEX mission dedicated to SIF at 300 m. Distinct from vegetation indices -- SIF measures active photosynthesis, not greenness. [Wikipedia: Solar-induced fluorescence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-induced_fluorescence)

summary:
Retrieves photosynthetic activity of vegetation from solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at O2-A/B Fraunhofer lines; good for gross primary production estimation and vegetation stress detection.

requirements_envelope:
{"kind":"spectral","spectral_range_nm":{"min":670,"max":780},"bands_min":500,"calibration_tier_min":"reflectance","snr_min":400,"daylight_required":true,"cloud_tolerant":false}

sources:
[{"id":"wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-induced_fluorescence","title":"Wikipedia: Solar-induced fluorescence","tier":"community","accessed":"2026-05-22"}]


# mission_payloads

mission: alos-2
sensor: palsar-2
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2014-11-25T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
PALSAR-2 on ALOS-2 operational since November 2014. L-band SAR penetrates dense canopy where C-band saturates; primary input for JJ-FAST alerts and JAXA FNF annual mosaics.


mission: alos-4
sensor: palsar-3
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2024-12-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
PALSAR-3 commissioned approximately late 2024 (Cycle 57 reached March 2026 per JAXA EORC). Sole imaging payload of ALOS-4 (DAICHI-4). Doubles PALSAR-2 daily coverage area while quartering pixel size in ScanSAR mode (700 km swath, 25 m resolution vs 350 km / 100 m on PALSAR-2).


mission: aqua
sensor: modis
flight_status: degraded
commissioning_date: "2002-06-24T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
MODIS on Aqua operational since June 2002 in afternoon equatorial crossing, complementing Terra MODIS for diurnal coverage. Same instrument design; combined Terra+Aqua MODIS provides 4x daily land observations underpinning MOD13 and global vegetation trend products.


mission: biomass
sensor: biomass-p-sar
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-10-29T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
P-SAR on BIOMASS Earth Explorer 7 commissioned October 2025; tomographic phase commenced November 2025. P-band (69 cm) interacts with trunks and large branches, complementary to higher-frequency optical and C-band SAR alert systems.


mission: desis-iss
sensor: desis
flight_status: decommissioned
commissioning_date: "2018-11-21T00:00:00.000Z"
decommissioning_date: "2023-12-31T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
DESIS Initial Operating Capability declared 21 November 2018 following first-light October 2018. Mission ended 31 December 2023 after approximately five years of operations on the MUSES platform.


mission: emit-iss
sensor: emit
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2022-08-15T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
EMIT first-light 27 July 2022 over Western Australia; science operations declared August 2022. Extended mission approved April 2023, continuing through at least 2026 with expanded scope including methane super-emitter detection and coastal mineralogy.


mission: enmap
sensor: enmap-hsi
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2022-11-02T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
EnMAP HSI commissioned to routine operations November 2022 after a six-month in-orbit calibration campaign. Sole payload on EnMAP.


mission: gedi-iss
sensor: gedi
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2019-03-25T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
GEDI commissioned March 2019 on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility. Provides full-waveform lidar samples between 51.6 N and 51.6 S; primary biomass and canopy-height calibration source for GEDI-derived forest products. Stowed October 2023 to March 2024; returned to science operations.


mission: geoeye-1
sensor: geoeye-1-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2009-02-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
GeoEye-1 GIS imager commissioned February 2009 after September 2008 launch. 41 cm panchromatic and 1.64 m 4-band multispectral. Continues in extended service as of 2026 per WMO OSCAR.


mission: hisui-iss
sensor: hisui
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2020-09-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
HISUI commissioned to science operations September 2020 after on-orbit checkout following December 2019 installation on JEM EF. Operations continued past the CEOS-stated nominal December 2025 EOL; operator radiometric correction v4 released February 2026 indicates active status.


mission: iceye-x1
sensor: iceye-sar
flight_status: decommissioned
commissioning_date: "2018-01-12T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
ICEYE-X1 carried the Gen 1/2 prototype X-band SAR at approximately 10 m resolution. Sensor generation predates the commercial Gen 2/3/3.5 specification documented in iceye-sar; linked here as the same instrument family. Mission ended within design-life envelope of 2-3 years from 2018 launch.


mission: intuition-1
sensor: intuition-1-hsi
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Intuition-1 Eagle HSI commissioned approximately January 2024 after November 2023 launch on SpaceX Transporter-9. 192-band VNIR hyperspectral at 25 m GSD; KP Labs onboard Leopard DPU performs in-orbit ML inference. 5,490+ orbits completed by November 2024.


mission: landsat-8
sensor: oli
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2013-05-30T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
OLI on Landsat 8 has operated continuously since May 2013, anchoring the 30 m optical defor record for the post-2013 era. Hansen GFC, GLAD-L, and PRODES all consume OLI surface reflectance.


mission: landsat-9
sensor: oli-2
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2022-01-06T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
OLI-2 on Landsat 9 commissioned January 2022; pairs with Landsat 8 OLI for eight-day combined revisit. Continues the Landsat 30 m optical baseline used by Hansen GFC, GLAD-L, and PRODES.


mission: pixxel-firefly-1
sensor: pixxel-firefly-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-07-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Pixxel Firefly imager commissioned mid-2025 (six-months-in-orbit status check). Operational across the full 45-of-135 band user-selectable capture envelope.


mission: pixxel-firefly-2
sensor: pixxel-firefly-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-07-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Same shared Pixxel Firefly imager design as the other 5 Firefly satellites. Commissioned mid-2025 in the first-batch commissioning campaign.


mission: pixxel-firefly-4
sensor: pixxel-firefly-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-11-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Second-batch Firefly satellite, same shared Pixxel Firefly imager. Commissioned approximately Nov 2025 after Aug 2025 launch.


mission: pixxel-firefly-5
sensor: pixxel-firefly-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-11-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Second-batch Firefly satellite, same shared Pixxel Firefly imager. Commissioned approximately Nov 2025.


mission: pixxel-honeybee-hb0
sensor: honeybee-hb0
flight_status: stowed
notes:
Sensor is in-development and not yet flying. flight_status stowed reflects the pre-launch state of the mission and its payload. Update to operational when the satellite launches and commissioning is complete.


mission: prisma
sensor: prisma-hsi
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2019-10-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
PRISMA HSI commissioned October 2019 after a six-month in-orbit checkout. Sole science payload on PRISMA. Extended operations beyond five-year design life from March 2024.


mission: rnlaf-sar-1
sensor: iceye-sar
flight_status: operational
notes:
RNLAF SAR-1 will carry the ICEYE Gen 3.5 X-band SAR (1200 MHz bandwidth, 25 cm Dwell Precise resolution). Launch date not confirmed in public record as of 2026-05-19. Contract announced June 23 2025.


mission: sentinel-1a
sensor: c-sar
flight_status: degraded
commissioning_date: "2014-05-03T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Sentinel-1A C-SAR commissioned May 2014, exceeded 7.25-year design life in 2021, continues in extended mission as of 2026-05-18. April 2024 thruster anomaly affected inclination management; instrument remains operationally available per the mission entity.


mission: sentinel-1c
sensor: c-sar
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-02-15T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Sentinel-1C C-SAR commissioned February 2025, restoring full two-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation after Sentinel-1B 2022 anomaly and gap.


mission: sentinel-1d
sensor: c-sar
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2025-12-15T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
Sentinel-1D C-SAR commissioned December 2025; pairs with Sentinel-1C for nominal six-day revisit. Critical for RADD alerts cadence in tropical defor monitoring.


mission: terra
sensor: aster
flight_status: degraded
commissioning_date: "2000-02-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
ASTER commissioned February 2000 following December 1999 Terra launch. Three-telescope multispectral (VNIR 15 m, SWIR 30 m, TIR 90 m). SWIR subsystem non-operational since approximately April 2008 due to cryocooler failure; VNIR and TIR continue active acquisition. Resumed from November 2024 Terra power-shunt anomaly: VNIR January 2025, TIR April 2025.


mission: terra
sensor: modis
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2000-02-24T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
MODIS on Terra operational since February 2000 in morning equatorial crossing. Provides daily 250 m / 500 m / 1 km observations underpinning MOD13 vegetation indices, fire detection, and snow/cloud products. Terra is in mission-end phase; descending orbit since 2022.


mission: worldview-2
sensor: worldview-2-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
WV-2 WV110 imager commissioned January 2010 after launch October 2009. First commercial 8-band multispectral sensor in orbit. Continues in extended service as of 2026 per WMO OSCAR.


mission: worldview-3
sensor: wv-3-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2014-08-21T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
WorldView-3 Imager declared Initial Operational Capability 21 August 2014, eight days after launch. 30 cm panchromatic commercial release authorised by NOAA 21 February 2015. Sole imaging payload across PAN, 8-band VNIR multispectral, 8-band SWIR, and 12-band CAVIS subsystems.


mission: worldview-legion
sensor: worldview-legion-imager
flight_status: operational
commissioning_date: "2024-08-01T00:00:00.000Z"
notes:
WorldView Legion Spaceview-NG imager commissioned across the six-satellite constellation through 2024 to early 2025. Each satellite operates the same imager design; per-satellite cross-calibration practice not publicly documented (Mission entity used rather than Fleet pending evidence).


# mission_buses

mission: pixxel-firefly-1
bus: pixxel-firefly-bus
integration_notes:
First flight of the in-house Pixxel Firefly bus. Same shared bus design as the other 5 Firefly satellites.


mission: sentinel-2a
bus: sentinel-2-platform
integration_notes:
Standard Sentinel-2 platform configuration. No mission-specific bus customisations beyond the family baseline.


# calibration_gradings

data_product: sentinel-2-l2a
standard: refcal-v0
tier: unassigned
assigned_date: "2026-05-08T00:00:00.000Z"
methodology_version: 0
evidence_notes:
Placeholder grading. Tier deferred until RefCal-v1 methodology releases. Row exists so the schema and current_refcal_tier view are exercised end-to-end.


# compositions

from_product: hyperscout-2
to_product: isis-6u-bus
kind: tested-integration
evidence_notes:
HyperScout-2 flown on ISISPACE-heritage 6U platforms. PhiSat-1 (2020) used an ISISPACE 6U bus for the ESA technology demonstrator mission that carried HyperScout-2 as primary payload. Integration is flight-proven at the 6U form factor.


from_product: hyperscout-2
to_product: sw-refcal-analysis
kind: declared-supported
evidence_notes:
SpectraWorks RefCal Phase 1 targets HyperScout-2 as the primary validation sensor. VNIR channel (400-1000 nm, 45 bands) is within RefCal-v0 spectral scope. Integration is operator-declared; in-orbit validation pending RefCal-v0 release.


# topic_capabilities

topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: aster-ged
quality: adequate
subtype: tir-emissivity
evidence_notes:
ASTER GED 100 m global emissivity is the canonical spaceborne TIR mineralogy dataset, complementary to SWIR alteration mapping. Five TIR bands span the 8.125-11.65 um silicate reststrahlen region; quartz reststrahlen at 9.1 um (Band 12) is the diagnostic feature. Static 2000-2008 climatology; not time-resolved.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: aster-l2-surface-reflectance
quality: adequate
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
ASTER L2 AST_07XT is the foundational 30 m spaceborne SWIR mineral mapping dataset; SWIR archive 2000-2008 (cryocooler failure approximately April 2008, full failure January 2009) is the most-cited mineral-mapping multispectral SWIR archive globally. VNIR continues to acquire. Adequate for new work (SWIR archive frozen) but well-suited for archival/historical mapping.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: desis-l2a-sr
quality: adequate
subtype: vnir-only
evidence_notes:
DESIS L2A is VNIR-only (402-1000 nm) so it cannot resolve the diagnostic SWIR clay/carbonate/sulphate alteration features. Useful for iron-oxide mapping near 870 nm and broad lithological context. Archive fixed November 2018 to December 2023; no new tasking. Restricted-access scientific use via DLR EOWEB.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: emit-l2b-mineralogy
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
EMIT L2B is the only operational satellite-distributed per-pixel mineral identification product (Tetracorder fitting against USGS Spectral Library v7) for ten mineral classes (kaolinite, illite+muscovite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, hematite, goethite) at 60 m GSD. Open via LP DAAC; non-orthocorrected (user must orthorectify).


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: emit-l3-mineralogy
quality: marginal
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
EMIT L3 is a 0.5-degree global gridded mineral abundance product aimed at Earth system model boundary conditions, not exploration. Cell size precludes deposit-scale or outcrop-scale work. Useful as a global open-access reference baseline for arid-region mineral abundance.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: enmap-l2a-sr
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
EnMAP L2A delivers 228 bands 420-2450 nm at 30 m GSD with full SWIR coverage to 2450 nm. Standard input for regional alteration mineral mapping (clay, carbonate, sulphate, phyllosilicate). CARD4L certified; open registered access via DLR EOWEB; ATCOR-based atmospheric correction.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: hisui-l1g
quality: adequate
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
HISUI L1G is spectrally well-suited for minerals (185 bands 400-2500 nm at 20 m cross-track / 30 m along-track; METI funded the programme explicitly for mineral and resource exploration). Rated adequate rather than well-suited because access is restricted to individuals affiliated with Japanese companies, organisations, and universities via Tellus; non-Japanese-affiliated users cannot register through the public portal as of 2026-05-19. Spectral capability alone is well-suited; effective buyer accessibility is the limiting factor.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: honeybee-hb0
quality: marginal
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
Honeybee Zero is Pixxel's first VSWIR hyperspectral instrument, covering 400 to 2550 nm at approximately 8 m GSD with approximately 450 contiguous bands. Spectrally well-suited in principle for mineral exploration: full VNIR plus SWIR coverage exposes the diagnostic absorption features used for clay, carbonate, sulphate, and phyllosilicate alteration mineralogy. Quality grade is marginal as of May 2026 because HB0 has not launched (planned 2026; launch vehicle unconfirmed) and no commissioning data, on-orbit calibration characterisation, or user imagery are available. Upgrades to well-suited once the satellite is flying and data quality is independently verified.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: hyperscape100
quality: marginal
subtype: vnir-only
evidence_notes:
Simera Sense HyperScape100 is VNIR-only (460-860 nm) with CVOF architecture (32 bands per acquisition from 400 filter positions). Does not reach the SWIR diagnostic mineralogy range. Useful for iron-oxide context and broad multispectral overview, not for clay/carbonate/sulphate alteration identification.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: hyspex-mjolnir
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
HySpex Mjolnir VS-620 is the airborne / UAV-class reference instrument for hyperspectral mineral mapping; widely used as the calibration anchor for spaceborne hyperspectral cal/val campaigns (NASA, ESA, DLR, USGS). Full VNIR+SWIR coverage at sub-metre GSD over UAV / light-aircraft platforms. Airborne deployment only; outside the orbital catalogue but a load-bearing reference instrument for ground-truth in space-mineral workflows.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: osk-sigma
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
Orbital Sidekick SIGMA delivers commercial hyperspectral analytics on the GHOSt constellation (512 bands 400-2500 nm at approximately 8 m GSD). Full SWIR coverage supports alteration mineral mapping for mining and exploration targeting at commercial subscription tier. Most rigorous public commercial cal/val documentation in the hyperspectral peer group (SPIE 2024).


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: pixxel-firefly-imagery
quality: marginal
subtype: vnir-only
evidence_notes:
Pixxel Firefly VNIR-only hyperspectral imagery (470 to 900 nm) covers iron-oxide absorption features in the visible and near-infrared but excludes the SWIR diagnostic features (1300 to 2500 nm) used for clay, carbonate, sulphate, and phyllosilicate alteration mineralogy. Useful for iron-oxide indices and vegetation cover screening over prospective ground; marginal for direct mineral identification. The 5.4 m GSD is competitive for drill-target-scale screening but the spectral coverage limits diagnostic capability to non-SWIR mineral signatures. Honeybee Zero (in development) will extend Pixxel's coverage to 2550 nm.


topic: minerals
target_type: data_product
target_slug: prisma-l2d
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
PRISMA L2D delivers 239 bands 400-2505 nm at 30 m GSD with full SWIR coverage. Earliest of the three operational civilian full-VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral missions. Buyers should handle the 920-1010 nm VNIR-SWIR detector-join per Vangi 2021 retain-VNIR convention. Open registered access via prisma.asi.it.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: worldview-legion-imager
quality: marginal
subtype: vnir-only
evidence_notes:
WorldView Legion delivers VHR 9-band VNIR multispectral (no SWIR). Useful for high-resolution geological structural mapping and outcrop characterisation but cannot resolve diagnostic SWIR alteration mineralogy. WV-3 SWIR remains the Vantor option for drill-target-scale mineralogy.


topic: minerals
target_type: product
target_slug: wv-3-imager
quality: well-suited
subtype: vnir-swir
evidence_notes:
WV-3 Imager SWIR subsystem at 3.7 m GSD is the only operational commercial sensor that resolves alteration mineral assemblages at outcrop and drill-target scale. 8 SWIR bands positioned at the diagnostic absorption features (Al-OH 2200 nm, Mg-OH 2300 nm, carbonate 2300-2340 nm, alunite 1760 nm). Commercial tasked acquisition only; no open archive.


# regulatory_drivers

framework: eudr
target_type: topic
target_slug: defor
relation: mandates-monitoring-of
evidence_strength: explicitly-named
note:
EUDR Article 9 due-diligence statements require geolocation and deforestation-free verification at plot scale for the seven covered commodities; deforestation detection is the operative monitoring obligation.


framework: eudr
target_type: data_product
target_slug: dist-alert
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
DIST-ALERT (UMD/NASA OPERA HLS) supports EUDR baseline change detection across the regulation's 31 December 2020 cut-off. Not named in the regulation text; integrated into GFW Pro in January 2026.


framework: eudr
target_type: analysis_service
target_slug: gfw-pro
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
GFW Pro aggregates Hansen Global Forest Change, GLAD-S2, DIST-ALERT, and RADD alerts into a single supply-chain deforestation monitoring platform used for EUDR Article 9 due-diligence workflows. Consumed by corporate sustainability teams and compliance officers. Not named in the regulation text; widely referenced in EUDR guidance materials and operator self-attestation workflows.


framework: eudr
target_type: data_product
target_slug: glad-s2-alerts
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
GLAD-S2 10 m Sentinel-2 alerts are commonly consumed in EUDR compliance workflows for Amazon primary forest monitoring. Not named in the regulation text; integrated into GFW Pro and several commercial platforms.


framework: eudr
target_type: data_product
target_slug: hansen-global-forest-change
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
Hansen Global Forest Change is the canonical baseline tree-cover-loss product used in industry EUDR risk assessments and reference benchmarks. Not named in the regulation text; widely used as the de-facto pre-2020 baseline reference.


framework: eudr
target_type: analysis_service
target_slug: mapbiomas
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
MapBiomas provides annual land-use and land-cover classification and deforestation alert layers for Brazil and twelve additional Latin American and African countries. Its classification outputs are widely used as baseline and change-detection evidence in EUDR compliance assessments for soy, beef, and palm supply chains. Not named in the regulation text; MapBiomas data is embedded in GFW Pro and cited in operator due-diligence frameworks.


framework: eudr
target_type: data_product
target_slug: radd-alerts
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
RADD Sentinel-1 SAR alerts are widely used in EUDR plot-level monitoring for cloud-persistent tropical regions where optical fails. Not named in the regulation text; embedded in major commercial EUDR platforms (Satelligence, GFW Pro).


framework: eudr
target_type: analysis_service
target_slug: satelligence-platform
relation: satisfied-by
evidence_strength: commonly-used-for
note:
Satelligence Platform ingests Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2, and Landsat time series to deliver deforestation monitoring and supply-chain risk scoring for EUDR compliance. Used by commodity traders, banks, and food companies for plot-level due-diligence workflows required under EUDR Article 9. Not named in the regulation text; independently adopted as a commercial compliance layer.


# cross_references

from_id: pixxel-firefly-1
from_type: mission
to_id: pixxel-firefly-2
to_type: mission
kind: brand-grouping
notes:
Pixxel Firefly constellation brand-grouping. Pixxel markets the six Firefly satellites as a single constellation but no public cross-calibration documentation backs operator-equivalence claims across the constellation. Atlas catalogues the six satellites as individual missions linked by brand-grouping cross-references, not as a Fleet. See atlas-eo-data-model Section 1.12 OQ1 (resolved 2026-05-07) and the eo-atlas-authoring-primitives runbook Fleet vs brand-grouping rule.


from_id: pixxel-firefly-2
from_type: mission
to_id: pixxel-firefly-3
to_type: mission
kind: brand-grouping
notes:
Pixxel Firefly constellation brand-grouping (no documented cross-calibration). Spanning-tree adjacency for the 6-satellite constellation.


from_id: pixxel-firefly-3
from_type: mission
to_id: pixxel-firefly-4
to_type: mission
kind: brand-grouping
notes:
Pixxel Firefly constellation brand-grouping (no documented cross-calibration). Bridges the first launch batch (FFLY-1 to FFLY-3, Jan 2025) to the second batch (FFLY-4 to FFLY-6, Aug 2025).


from_id: pixxel-firefly-4
from_type: mission
to_id: pixxel-firefly-5
to_type: mission
kind: brand-grouping
notes:
Pixxel Firefly constellation brand-grouping (no documented cross-calibration). Spanning-tree adjacency.


from_id: pixxel-firefly-imager
from_type: product
to_id: honeybee-hb0
to_type: product
kind: successor
notes:
Honeybee Zero (HB0) is Pixxel's SWIR-extending successor to the VNIR-only Firefly imager. HB0 covers 400 to 2550 nm versus Firefly's 470 to 900 nm; it carries approximately 450 bands versus Firefly's 135 bands; it operates at 8 m GSD versus Firefly's 5.4 m. Both instruments are in-house Pixxel designs from the MegaPixxel AIT facility.


