Rafael

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. is an Israeli state-owned defense technology company with narrow EO relevance in spacecraft propulsion and subsystem supply. The organisation traces its origin to a national defense research and development laboratory founded in 1948 and was incorporated as a limited company in 2002.^[1] Rafael is responsible for most spacecraft propulsion systems in Israel's civil space-programme context.^[2] For EO buyers, the practical link is subsystem heritage rather than imagery, analytics or data operation. The VENUS technology mission used Israeli Hall Effect Thrusters for orbit maintenance, low-orbit transfer and support of low-altitude imaging operations.^[3]