Wind energy siting

Wind energy siting combines wind-resource modeling, terrain, roughness, land and sea constraints, and monitoring evidence to screen candidate onshore and offshore wind areas.^[1][2][3] Global Wind Atlas uses ERA5 large-scale wind climate, WRF mesoscale modeling, and WAsP microscale downscaling to produce local wind climates at 250 m resolution and multiple heights.^[1] NREL provides wind resource data, tools, maps, sensing, and modeling for wind energy assessment.^[2][3] Operational wind siting is primarily a modeled resource-assessment problem, with satellite EO contributing constraints, offshore surface-wind evidence, land cover, and asset monitoring rather than replacing in-situ wind measurements.^[1][3] Typical outputs include wind-resource maps, capacity-factor proxies, exclusion layers, wake or context layers, and monitoring evidence at project to national-planning scale.^[1][2][3]