Geology and geohazards

Geology and geohazard monitoring maps surface deformation, thermal hotspots, lithology, alteration minerals, and hazard-relevant surface change.^[1][2][3] InSAR measures repeat-pass SAR phase differences and is used for volcano, earthquake, and subsidence deformation monitoring.^[1][2] Thermal anomaly detection supports volcanic hotspot and surface-change monitoring when terrain and atmospheric context are considered.^[2] Imaging spectroscopy supports mineral and surface-composition mapping, including mineral-dust source and lithological applications.^[3] SAR backscatter change detection can flag landslide, lava-flow, or surface-disruption change, but the signal is proxy evidence and can be ambiguous.^[2]