Urban heat island

Urban heat island monitoring maps hot urban surfaces, heat anomalies, vegetation context, and vulnerability layers for heat-risk planning and mitigation prioritization.^[1][2][3] Landsat thermal imaging identifies urban landscapes with heightened surface temperatures.^[1] ECOSTRESS thermal infrared observations are used for urban heat island and heat-vulnerability analysis.^[2][3] Urban heat monitoring must distinguish satellite land-surface temperature from human-experienced air temperature and exposure.^[3] Thermal infrared LST and emissivity retrievals map surface heat, while vegetation, land-cover, weather, and demographic context support mitigation and vulnerability products.^[1][2][3]