Crop phenology

Crop phenology uses satellite time series to estimate growth-stage timing, including emergence, flowering, senescence, and harvest readiness, rather than direct ground-observed stages.^[1]

Annual phenological metrics from satellite vegetation observations support monitoring of vegetation dynamics across seasons and years.^[2]

Operational crop-stage monitoring uses frequent VIIRS or MODIS-style observations and higher-resolution Landsat or Sentinel observations when the data are fused or modelled into dense seasonal time series.^[1][3]